// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Base64.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Provides a set of functions to operate with Base64 strings.
 */
library Base64 {
    /**
     * @dev Base64 Encoding/Decoding Table
     * See sections 4 and 5 of https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648
     */
    string internal constant _TABLE = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
    string internal constant _TABLE_URL = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_";

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `bytes` to its Bytes64 `string` representation.
     */
    function encode(bytes memory data) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return _encode(data, _TABLE, true);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `bytes` to its Bytes64Url `string` representation.
     * Output is not padded with `=` as specified in https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4648[rfc4648].
     */
    function encodeURL(bytes memory data) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return _encode(data, _TABLE_URL, false);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal table-agnostic conversion
     */
    function _encode(bytes memory data, string memory table, bool withPadding) private pure returns (string memory) {
        /**
         * Inspired by Brecht Devos (Brechtpd) implementation - MIT licence
         * https://github.com/Brechtpd/base64/blob/e78d9fd951e7b0977ddca77d92dc85183770daf4/base64.sol
         */
        if (data.length == 0) return "";

        // If padding is enabled, the final length should be `bytes` data length divided by 3 rounded up and then
        // multiplied by 4 so that it leaves room for padding the last chunk
        // - `data.length + 2`  -> Prepare for division rounding up
        // - `/ 3`              -> Number of 3-bytes chunks (rounded up)
        // - `4 *`              -> 4 characters for each chunk
        // This is equivalent to: 4 * Math.ceil(data.length / 3)
        //
        // If padding is disabled, the final length should be `bytes` data length multiplied by 4/3 rounded up as
        // opposed to when padding is required to fill the last chunk.
        // - `4 * data.length`  -> 4 characters for each chunk
        // - ` + 2`             -> Prepare for division rounding up
        // - `/ 3`              -> Number of 3-bytes chunks (rounded up)
        // This is equivalent to: Math.ceil((4 * data.length) / 3)
        uint256 resultLength = withPadding ? 4 * ((data.length + 2) / 3) : (4 * data.length + 2) / 3;

        string memory result = new string(resultLength);

        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            // Prepare the lookup table (skip the first "length" byte)
            let tablePtr := add(table, 1)

            // Prepare result pointer, jump over length
            let resultPtr := add(result, 0x20)
            let dataPtr := data
            let endPtr := add(data, mload(data))

            // In some cases, the last iteration will read bytes after the end of the data. We cache the value, and
            // set it to zero to make sure no dirty bytes are read in that section.
            let afterPtr := add(endPtr, 0x20)
            let afterCache := mload(afterPtr)
            mstore(afterPtr, 0x00)

            // Run over the input, 3 bytes at a time
            for {

            } lt(dataPtr, endPtr) {

            } {
                // Advance 3 bytes
                dataPtr := add(dataPtr, 3)
                let input := mload(dataPtr)

                // To write each character, shift the 3 byte (24 bits) chunk
                // 4 times in blocks of 6 bits for each character (18, 12, 6, 0)
                // and apply logical AND with 0x3F to bitmask the least significant 6 bits.
                // Use this as an index into the lookup table, mload an entire word
                // so the desired character is in the least significant byte, and
                // mstore8 this least significant byte into the result and continue.

                mstore8(resultPtr, mload(add(tablePtr, and(shr(18, input), 0x3F))))
                resultPtr := add(resultPtr, 1) // Advance

                mstore8(resultPtr, mload(add(tablePtr, and(shr(12, input), 0x3F))))
                resultPtr := add(resultPtr, 1) // Advance

                mstore8(resultPtr, mload(add(tablePtr, and(shr(6, input), 0x3F))))
                resultPtr := add(resultPtr, 1) // Advance

                mstore8(resultPtr, mload(add(tablePtr, and(input, 0x3F))))
                resultPtr := add(resultPtr, 1) // Advance
            }

            // Reset the value that was cached
            mstore(afterPtr, afterCache)

            if withPadding {
                // When data `bytes` is not exactly 3 bytes long
                // it is padded with `=` characters at the end
                switch mod(mload(data), 3)
                case 1 {
                    mstore8(sub(resultPtr, 1), 0x3d)
                    mstore8(sub(resultPtr, 2), 0x3d)
                }
                case 2 {
                    mstore8(sub(resultPtr, 1), 0x3d)
                }
            }
        }

        return result;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

// Lazy Birbs are fully onchain on Base
// This contract uses the onchain renderer created by Deployer.eth, then modified by based-bren, then modified for this use
// All traits are stored onchain using a sprite sheet and all metadata are stored onchain using the renderer and traits contract
// created by @based-bren (Farcaster) in 2024

pragma solidity ^0.8.13;

import "../lib/solmate/src/auth/Owned.sol";
import "../lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol";
import "../lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol";
import "../lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol";
import "../lib/ERC721A/contracts/extensions/ERC721AQueryable.sol";
import "../lib/ERC721A/contracts/IERC721A.sol";
import "../lib/ERC721A/contracts/ERC721A.sol";
import "./BirbsRenderer.sol";

contract LazyBirbs is ERC721AQueryable, Owned, ReentrancyGuard {
    BirbRenderer renderer;

    event PaymentReceived(address from, uint256 amount);

    uint256 public MAX_SUPPLY = 5000;
    uint256 public Total_Supply = 0;
    uint256 public MINT_COST = 0.002 ether;
    uint256 public maxPerWallet = 100;
    bool public publicPhaseActive = false;

    mapping(uint256 => bytes32) public tokenIdToSeed;

    error SoldOut();
    error MaxMintWouldBeExceeded();
    error AmountExceedsAvailableSupply();
    error AmountRequired();
    error InsufficientFunds();

    constructor(address _renderer) ERC721A("Lazy Birbs", "LZYB") Owned(msg.sender) {
        renderer = BirbRenderer(_renderer);
    }

    // return the images for an array of token IDs

    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view override(ERC721A, IERC721A) returns (string memory) {
        if (!_exists(tokenId)) revert URIQueryForNonexistentToken();

        bytes32 seed = tokenIdToSeed[tokenId];
        require(seed != bytes32(0), "Seed not set");

        try renderer.getJsonUri(tokenId, seed) returns (string memory uri) {
            return uri;
        } catch Error(string memory reason) {
            return string(abi.encodePacked("Error: ", reason));
        } catch {
            return "Unknown error in renderer.getJsonUri";
        }
    }

    // set the first token ID to 1

    function _startTokenId() internal view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return 1;
    }

    mapping(address => uint256) public amountMinted;

    /// Dev mint function

    function DevMint(uint256 amount) external onlyOwner nonReentrant {
        if (amount <= 0) {
            revert AmountRequired();
        }

        uint256 current = _nextTokenId();
        uint256 end = current + amount - 1;

        for (; current <= end; current++) {
            tokenIdToSeed[current] = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(blockhash(block.number - 1), current));
        }
        _mint(msg.sender, amount);

        Total_Supply = Total_Supply + amount;
    }

    /// public mint function (ether)
    function mint(uint256 amount) public payable nonReentrant {
        require(publicPhaseActive == true, "public mint phase is not active");

        if (amountMinted[msg.sender] + amount > maxPerWallet) {
            revert MaxMintWouldBeExceeded();
        }
        amountMinted[msg.sender] += amount;
        uint256 totalMinted = _totalMinted();
        if (totalMinted == MAX_SUPPLY) {
            revert SoldOut();
        }

        if (amount <= 0) {
            revert AmountRequired();
        }
        uint256 totalAfterMint = totalMinted + amount;
        if (totalAfterMint > MAX_SUPPLY) {
            revert AmountExceedsAvailableSupply();
        }

        uint256 totalCost = amount * MINT_COST;
        if ((msg.value) < totalCost) {
            revert InsufficientFunds();
        }

        uint256 current = _nextTokenId();
        uint256 end = current + amount - 1;

        for (; current <= end; current++) {
            tokenIdToSeed[current] = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(blockhash(block.number - 1), current));
        }
        _mint(msg.sender, amount);

        Total_Supply = Total_Supply + amount;
    }

    /// admin panel

    function togglePublicMinting() external onlyOwner {
        publicPhaseActive = !publicPhaseActive;
    }

    // withdraw the ether from the contract

    function withdraw() external onlyOwner nonReentrant {
        (bool success,) = msg.sender.call{value: address(this).balance}("");
        require(success, "Transfer failed.");
    }

    function getRendererAddress() public view returns (address) {
        return address(renderer);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

// this contract is a modification of the Based LP renderer by Deployer & improvements from based-bren
// the contract requires another contract listing the traits, their mapping and their metadata descriptions
// find the referenced imported contracts on github under "Solmate"
// this contract by lazyfrank

pragma solidity ^0.8.13;

import "../lib/solmate/src/utils/SSTORE2.sol";
import "../lib/solmate/src/utils/LibString.sol";
import "../lib/solmate/src/auth/Owned.sol";
import "../lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Base64.sol";
import "./BirbsTraits.sol";
import "../lib/forge-std/src/console.sol";

contract BirbRenderer is Owned {
    using LibString for uint256;

    error InvalidChunkIndex();

    address[] public traitsImagePointers;
    uint256 public totalChunks;

    string description = "50000 Birbs being Lazy AF on the Base chain.";

    // declare the data of traits and seeds
    struct Traits {
        uint256 body;
        uint256 beak;
        uint256 eyes;
        uint256 eyewear;
        uint256 headwear;
        uint256 outerwear;
    }

    struct Seeds {
        uint256 one;
        uint256 two;
        uint256 three;
        uint256 four;
        uint256 five;
        uint256 six;
        uint256 seven;
        uint256 eight;
        uint256 nine;
        uint256 ten;
    }

    BirbTraits traitsMetaData;

    constructor(BirbTraits _traitsMetaData) Owned(msg.sender) {
        traitsMetaData = _traitsMetaData;
    }

    // Create function to upload Image Chunks
    function setTraitsImageChunk(uint256 chunkIndex, string calldata data) external onlyOwner {
        if (chunkIndex > totalChunks) {
            revert InvalidChunkIndex();
        }

        // Write directly to SSTORE2 and store pointer
        address pointer = SSTORE2.write(bytes(data));

        // Extend array if needed
        if (traitsImagePointers.length <= chunkIndex) {
            while (traitsImagePointers.length <= chunkIndex) {
                traitsImagePointers.push(address(0));
            }
        }
        // Simply overwrite the pointer at the index
        traitsImagePointers[chunkIndex] = pointer;
    }

    // this functions reads the data of the sprite sheet from SSTORE2 as a string
    function getTraitsImage() public view returns (string memory) {
        // require(isComplete, "Image not completely uploaded");

        // Calculate total length
        uint256 totalLength = 0;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < totalChunks; i++) {
            totalLength += SSTORE2.read(traitsImagePointers[i]).length;
        }

        // Concatenate chunks
        bytes memory completeImage = new bytes(totalLength);
        uint256 currentIndex = 0;

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < totalChunks; i++) {
            bytes memory chunk = SSTORE2.read(traitsImagePointers[i]);
            for (uint256 j = 0; j < chunk.length; j++) {
                completeImage[currentIndex] = chunk[j];
                currentIndex++;
            }
        }

        return string(completeImage);
    }

    function setTotalChunks(uint256 totalChunksCount) external onlyOwner {
        totalChunks = totalChunksCount;
    }

    // this function updates the description of the contract
    function updateDescription(string memory d) public onlyOwner {
        description = d;
    }

    // this finction is used in combination with the random number "seed" created in the parent contract
    // the seed is created at the moment the mint button is pressed using a hash of the current block number
    function _r(uint256 seed, uint256 from, uint256 to) private pure returns (uint256) {
        return from + (seed % (to - from + 1));
    }

    // svg start takes the typical text description of an svg file header, and abi encode turns this into byte code

    function _svgStart() private view returns (string memory) {
        return string(
            abi.encodePacked(
                '<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 42 42" height="420" width="420"><defs><image height="3528" width="126" image-rendering="pixelated" id="s" href="data:image/png;base64,',
                getTraitsImage(),
                '" /><clipPath id="c"><rect width="42" height="42" /></clipPath></defs><g clip-path="url(#c)">'
            )
        );
    }

    // this function takes the value of the row and column generated in the function _getPart and positions the 40x40 view box over the sprite sheet

    function _getUseString(uint256 col, uint256 row) private pure returns (string memory) {
        return string(
            abi.encodePacked(
                "<use height='42' width='42' href='#s' x='-", col.toString(), "' y='-", row.toString(), "' />"
            )
        );
    }

    // this function encodes the image for a given seed in bytecode

    function getSvgDataUri(bytes32 seed) public view returns (string memory) {
        return string(abi.encodePacked("data:image/svg+xml;base64,", Base64.encode(bytes(getSvg(seed)))));
    }

    // this function encodes the svg data for the array of traits looped in the _getsvg function

    function _getSvgDataUri(uint256[6] memory traits) private view returns (string memory) {
        return string(abi.encodePacked("data:image/svg+xml;base64,", Base64.encode(bytes(_getSvg(traits)))));
    }

    // this function encodes the json string

    function getJsonUri(uint256 tokenId, bytes32 seed) public view returns (string memory) {
        return string(
            abi.encodePacked("data:application/json;base64,", Base64.encode(bytes(getJsonString(tokenId, seed))))
        );
    }

    // this function builds the metadata from the token id and the mapped traits
    // ham pepes have 6 trait types and a background, so the array is 7

    function getJsonString(uint256 tokenId, bytes32 seed) public view returns (string memory) {
        uint256[6] memory traits = getTraits(seed);
        return string(
            abi.encodePacked(
                '{"name": "Lazy Birb #',
                tokenId.toString(),
                '", "description": "',
                description,
                '",',
                '"image":"',
                _getSvgDataUri(traits),
                '","attributes":[',
                _getTraitMetadata(traits),
                "]}"
            )
        );
    }

    // this function writes the traits string with the assigned values

    function _getTraitString(string memory key, string memory value) public pure returns (string memory) {
        return string(abi.encodePacked('{"trait_type":"', key, '","value":"', value, '"}'));
    }

    // this function builds the metadata for the token using the current traits of the token

    function _getTraitMetadata(uint256[6] memory traits) private view returns (string memory) {
        string[6] memory parts;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < traits.length; i++) {
            uint256 current = traits[i];
            if (i == 0) {
                parts[0] = _getTraitString("Body", traitsMetaData.getBody(current));
            }
            if (i == 1 && current != 0) {
                parts[4] = _getTraitString("Beak", traitsMetaData.getBeak(current));
            }
            if (i == 2 && current != 0) {
                parts[1] = _getTraitString("Eyes", traitsMetaData.getEyes(current));
            }
            if (i == 3 && current != 0) {
                parts[3] = _getTraitString("Eyewear", traitsMetaData.getEyewear(current));
            }
            if (i == 4 && current != 0) {
                parts[2] = _getTraitString("Headwear", traitsMetaData.getHeadwear(current));
            }
            if (i == 5 && current != 0) {
                parts[5] = _getTraitString("Outerwear", traitsMetaData.getOuterwear(current));
            }
        }

        string memory output;

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
            if (bytes(parts[i]).length > 0) {
                output = string(abi.encodePacked(output, bytes(output).length > 0 ? "," : "", parts[i]));
            }
        }

        return output;
    }

    // this function splits up the seed generated in the mint into ten more seeds to use the the _r function to assign the traits

    function getTraits(bytes32 _seed) public pure returns (uint256[6] memory traits) {
        uint256 seed = uint256(_seed);

        Seeds memory seeds = Seeds({
            one: uint256(uint16(seed >> 16)), // 1st seed is used for body
            two: uint256(uint16(seed >> 32)), // 2nd seed is used for beak
            three: uint256(uint16(seed >> 48)), // 3rd seed is used for eyes
            four: uint256(uint16(seed >> 64)), // 4th seed is used for eyewear
            five: uint256(uint16(seed >> 80)), // 5th seed is used for headwear
            six: uint256(uint16(seed >> 96)), // 6th seed is used for Special Traits
            seven: uint256(uint16(seed >> 112)), // 7th seed is used for Special Traits
            eight: uint256(uint16(seed >> 128)), // 8th seed is used for Special Traits
            nine: uint256(uint16(seed >> 144)), // 9th seed is used for special birbs type if 10 is yes
            ten: uint256(uint16(seed >> 160)) // 10th seed is used for special birbs yes/no
        });

        uint256 dna = _r(seeds.ten, 1, 5000);
        console.log("seeds.ten", seeds.ten);
        console.log("dna", dna);

        bool isSpecial = dna <= 250;
        console.log("isSpecial", isSpecial);

        // If we're not special, we next check if the birb is part of the hoodie gang
        bool isKitted = dna > 250 && dna <= 500;
        console.log("isKitted", isKitted);

        if (isSpecial) {
            console.log("DNA is special");
            console.log("dna", dna);
            if (dna <= 20) {
                console.log("Cosmic Birb");
                // Cosmic Birb
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    _r(seeds.one, 195, 200),
                    // Beak
                    201,
                    // Eyes
                    202,
                    // Eyewear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 25 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                    // Headwear
                    0,
                    // Outerwear
                    0
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 40) {
                console.log("Enlightened Birb");
                // Enlightened Birb
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    _r(seeds.one, 203, 208),
                    // Beak
                    212,
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 209, 211),
                    // Eyewear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 25 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                    // Headwear
                    0,
                    // Outerwear
                    0
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 60) {
                console.log("Glitch Birb");
                // Glitch Birb
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    _r(seeds.one, 217, 222),
                    // Beak
                    0,
                    // Eyes
                    223,
                    // Eyewear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 25 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                    // Headwear
                    0,
                    // Outerwear
                    0
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 90) {
                console.log("Gold Birb");
                // Gold Birb
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    _r(seeds.one, 225, 228),
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 229, 231),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 232, 236),
                    // Eyewear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                    // Headwear
                    0,
                    // Outerwear
                    0
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 130) {
                console.log("Robo Birb");
                // Robo Birb
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    237,
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 240, 242),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 238, 239),
                    // Eyewear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                    // Headwear
                    _r(seeds.five, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.five, 153, 178) : 0,
                    // Outerwear
                    0
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 170) {
                console.log("Skeleton Birb");
                // Skeleton Birb
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    243,
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 249, 250),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 244, 247),
                    // Eyewear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                    // Headwear
                    _r(seeds.five, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.five, 153, 178) : 0,
                    // Outerwear
                    0
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 210) {
                console.log("Scattered Birb");
                // Scattered Birb
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    251,
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 81, 92),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 93, 137),
                    // Eyewear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 25 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                    // Headwear
                    0,
                    // Outerwear
                    0
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 250) {
                console.log("Based Skeleton Birb");
                // Based Skeleton Birb
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    213,
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 214, 216),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 93, 137),
                    // Eyewear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                    // Headwear
                    _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.five, 153, 178) : 0,
                    // Outerwear
                    0
                ];
            }
        } else if (!isSpecial && isKitted) {
            console.log("DNA is kitted");
            if (dna <= 374) {
                // Hoodie Birb (100 Total)
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    _r(seeds.one, 9, 17),
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 81, 92),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 93, 137),
                    // Eyewear
                    0,
                    // Headwear
                    0,
                    // Outerwear
                    193
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 416) {
                // King Birb (42 Total)
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    _r(seeds.one, 0, 80),
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 81, 92),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 93, 137),
                    // Eyewear
                    0,
                    // Headwear
                    179,
                    // Outerwear
                    191
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 458) {
                // Saiyan Birb (42 Total)
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    _r(seeds.one, 0, 80),
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 81, 92),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 93, 137),
                    // Eyewear
                    152,
                    // Headwear
                    180,
                    // Outerwear
                    192
                ];
            } else if (dna <= 500) {
                // Astro Birb (42 Total)
                traits = [
                    // Body
                    _r(seeds.one, 0, 80),
                    // Beak
                    _r(seeds.two, 81, 92),
                    // Eyes
                    _r(seeds.three, 93, 137),
                    // Eyewear
                    0,
                    // Headwear
                    181,
                    // Outerwear
                    194
                ];
            }
        } else {
            console.log("DNA is regular");
            traits = [
                // Body
                _r(seeds.one, 0, 80),
                // Beak
                _r(seeds.two, 81, 92),
                // Eyes
                _r(seeds.three, 93, 137),
                // Eyewear
                _r(seeds.four, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.four, 138, 151) : 0,
                // Headwear
                _r(seeds.five, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.five, 153, 178) : 0,
                // Outerwear
                _r(seeds.six, 1, 100) <= 40 ? _r(seeds.six, 182, 190) : 0
            ];
        }
    }

    function getSvg(bytes32 _seed) public view returns (string memory) {
        uint256[6] memory traits = getTraits(_seed);
        return _getSvg(traits);
    }

    function _getPart(uint256 tile) public pure returns (string memory) {
        uint256 col = (tile % 3) * 42;
        uint256 row = (tile / 3) * 42;
        return _getUseString(col, row);
    }

    function _getSvg(uint256[6] memory traits) private view returns (string memory) {
        string memory partString;

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
            uint256 tile = traits[i];
            if (i != 0 && tile == 0) {
                continue;
            }

            partString = string(abi.encodePacked(partString, _getPart(tile)));
        }

        return string(
            abi.encodePacked(_svgStart(), "<rect width='42' height='42' fill='#0052FF' />", partString, "</g></svg>")
        );
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.13;

contract BirbTraits {
    address public owner;

    // create a struct that can map the given mapping value to a string name, the name of the trait
    struct TraitInfo {
        mapping(uint256 => string) body;
        mapping(uint256 => string) beak;
        mapping(uint256 => string) eyes;
        mapping(uint256 => string) eyewear;
        mapping(uint256 => string) headwear;
        mapping(uint256 => string) outerwear;
    }

    // create an array of background colours in hex value
    string public bgcolour =
    // Base Blue
     "#0052FF";

    TraitInfo private traits;

    // create functions that give the back map for a given seed
    function getBody(uint256 i) public view returns (string memory) {
        return traits.body[i];
    }

    function getBeak(uint256 i) public view returns (string memory) {
        return traits.beak[i];
    }

    function getEyes(uint256 i) public view returns (string memory) {
        return traits.eyes[i];
    }

    function getEyewear(uint256 i) public view returns (string memory) {
        return traits.eyewear[i];
    }

    function getHeadwear(uint256 i) public view returns (string memory) {
        return traits.headwear[i];
    }

    function getOuterwear(uint256 i) public view returns (string memory) {
        return traits.outerwear[i];
    }

    constructor() {
        owner = msg.sender; // Set the owner to the address that deploys the contract

        // Body Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.body[0] = "Brave";
        traits.body[1] = "Brave";
        traits.body[2] = "Brave";
        traits.body[3] = "Brave";
        traits.body[4] = "Brave";
        traits.body[5] = "Brave";
        traits.body[6] = "Brave";
        traits.body[7] = "Brave";
        traits.body[8] = "Brave";

        traits.body[9] = "Crescent";
        traits.body[10] = "Crescent";
        traits.body[11] = "Crescent";
        traits.body[12] = "Crescent";
        traits.body[13] = "Crescent";
        traits.body[14] = "Crescent";
        traits.body[15] = "Crescent";
        traits.body[16] = "Crescent";
        traits.body[17] = "Crescent";

        traits.body[18] = "Emperor";
        traits.body[19] = "Emperor";
        traits.body[20] = "Emperor";
        traits.body[21] = "Emperor";
        traits.body[22] = "Emperor";
        traits.body[23] = "Emperor";
        traits.body[24] = "Emperor";
        traits.body[25] = "Emperor";
        traits.body[26] = "Emperor";

        traits.body[27] = "Guardian";
        traits.body[28] = "Guardian";
        traits.body[29] = "Guardian";
        traits.body[30] = "Guardian";
        traits.body[31] = "Guardian";
        traits.body[32] = "Guardian";
        traits.body[33] = "Guardian";
        traits.body[34] = "Guardian";
        traits.body[35] = "Guardian";

        traits.body[36] = "Professor";
        traits.body[37] = "Professor";
        traits.body[38] = "Professor";
        traits.body[39] = "Professor";
        traits.body[40] = "Professor";
        traits.body[41] = "Professor";
        traits.body[42] = "Professor";
        traits.body[43] = "Professor";
        traits.body[44] = "Professor";

        traits.body[45] = "Sage";
        traits.body[46] = "Sage";
        traits.body[47] = "Sage";
        traits.body[48] = "Sage";
        traits.body[49] = "Sage";
        traits.body[50] = "Sage";
        traits.body[51] = "Sage";
        traits.body[52] = "Sage";
        traits.body[53] = "Sage";

        traits.body[54] = "Stark";
        traits.body[55] = "Stark";
        traits.body[56] = "Stark";
        traits.body[57] = "Stark";
        traits.body[58] = "Stark";
        traits.body[59] = "Stark";
        traits.body[60] = "Stark";
        traits.body[61] = "Stark";
        traits.body[62] = "Stark";

        traits.body[63] = "Tabby";
        traits.body[64] = "Tabby";
        traits.body[65] = "Tabby";
        traits.body[66] = "Tabby";
        traits.body[67] = "Tabby";
        traits.body[68] = "Tabby";
        traits.body[69] = "Tabby";
        traits.body[70] = "Tabby";
        traits.body[71] = "Tabby";

        traits.body[72] = "Tranquil";
        traits.body[73] = "Tranquil";
        traits.body[74] = "Tranquil";
        traits.body[75] = "Tranquil";
        traits.body[76] = "Tranquil";
        traits.body[77] = "Tranquil";
        traits.body[78] = "Tranquil";
        traits.body[79] = "Tranquil";
        traits.body[80] = "Tranquil";

        // Beak Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.beak[81] = "Open";
        traits.beak[82] = "Long";
        traits.beak[83] = "Long";
        traits.beak[84] = "Long";
        traits.beak[85] = "Short";
        traits.beak[86] = "Short";
        traits.beak[87] = "Short";
        traits.beak[88] = "Short";
        traits.beak[89] = "Small";
        traits.beak[90] = "Small";
        traits.beak[91] = "Small";
        traits.beak[92] = "Small";

        // Eyes Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.eyes[93] = "Angry";
        traits.eyes[94] = "Angry";
        traits.eyes[95] = "Angry";
        traits.eyes[96] = "Angry";
        traits.eyes[97] = "Angry";
        traits.eyes[98] = "Angry";
        traits.eyes[99] = "Angry";
        traits.eyes[100] = "Angry";

        traits.eyes[101] = "Discerning";
        traits.eyes[102] = "Discerning";
        traits.eyes[103] = "Discerning";
        traits.eyes[104] = "Discerning";
        traits.eyes[105] = "Discerning";
        traits.eyes[106] = "Discerning";
        traits.eyes[107] = "Discerning";

        traits.eyes[108] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[109] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[110] = "Anime";
        traits.eyes[111] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[112] = "Diamonds";
        traits.eyes[113] = "Hearts";
        traits.eyes[114] = "Fire";
        traits.eyes[115] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[116] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[117] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[118] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[119] = "Rainbow";
        traits.eyes[120] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[121] = "Open";
        traits.eyes[122] = "Open";

        traits.eyes[123] = "Lazy";
        traits.eyes[124] = "Lazy";
        traits.eyes[125] = "Lazy";
        traits.eyes[126] = "Lazy";
        traits.eyes[127] = "Lazy";
        traits.eyes[128] = "Lazy";
        traits.eyes[129] = "Lazy";
        traits.eyes[130] = "Lazy";

        traits.eyes[131] = "Sideeye";
        traits.eyes[132] = "Sideeye";
        traits.eyes[133] = "Sideeye";
        traits.eyes[134] = "Sideeye";
        traits.eyes[135] = "Sideeye";
        traits.eyes[136] = "Sideeye";
        traits.eyes[137] = "Sideeye";

        // Eyewear Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.eyewear[138] = "Sun Glasses";
        traits.eyewear[139] = "3D Glasses";
        traits.eyewear[140] = "Based VR";
        traits.eyewear[141] = "Aviators";
        traits.eyewear[142] = "Base Shades";
        traits.eyewear[143] = "Nerd Glasses";
        traits.eyewear[144] = "Deal With It";
        traits.eyewear[145] = "Gazelles";
        traits.eyewear[146] = "Halfmoon";
        traits.eyewear[147] = "Hypno";
        traits.eyewear[148] = "Roundies";
        traits.eyewear[149] = "Monocle";
        traits.eyewear[150] = "Nerd Glasses";
        traits.eyewear[151] = "Rainbow VR";
        traits.eyewear[152] = "Scouter"; // DBZ Eyes

        // Headwear Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.headwear[153] = "Ham Hat";
        traits.headwear[154] = "Aviator";
        traits.headwear[155] = "Red Cap";
        traits.headwear[156] = "Bandana";
        traits.headwear[157] = "Wizard";
        traits.headwear[158] = "Witch";
        traits.headwear[159] = "Captain";
        traits.headwear[160] = "Squiggly";
        traits.headwear[161] = "Cowboy";
        traits.headwear[162] = "Bucket";
        traits.headwear[163] = "Ducky";
        traits.headwear[164] = "Fire";
        traits.headwear[165] = "Smokey Bear";
        traits.headwear[166] = "Degen Frog";
        traits.headwear[167] = "Disc of the Sun";
        traits.headwear[168] = "Ham";
        traits.headwear[169] = "Headphones";
        traits.headwear[170] = "Lazy Cap";
        traits.headwear[171] = "Skull";
        traits.headwear[172] = "Green Hawk";
        traits.headwear[173] = "Pink Hawk";
        traits.headwear[174] = "Pirate";
        traits.headwear[175] = "Degen Tophat";
        traits.headwear[176] = "Retro Crown";
        traits.headwear[177] = "Rainbow";
        traits.headwear[178] = "Red Beanie";
        traits.headwear[179] = "Royal Crown"; // Royal Kit
        traits.headwear[180] = "Super Saiyan"; // DBZ Kit
        traits.headwear[181] = "Astronaut"; // Astro Kit

        // Outerwear Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.outerwear[182] = "Catwalk Chain";
        traits.outerwear[183] = "Tux";
        traits.outerwear[184] = "Diamond Necklace";
        traits.outerwear[185] = "Gold Chain";
        traits.outerwear[186] = "Jean Jacket";
        traits.outerwear[187] = "Hoodie Down";
        traits.outerwear[188] = "Jacket";
        traits.outerwear[189] = "Bomber Jacket";
        traits.outerwear[190] = "Punk Jacket";
        traits.outerwear[191] = "Royal Robe"; // Royal Kit
        traits.outerwear[192] = "Saiyan Gi"; // DBZ Kit
        traits.outerwear[193] = "Hoodie Up"; // Hoodie Kit
        traits.outerwear[194] = "Astronaut"; // Astro Kit

        // Cosmic Special Kit Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.body[195] = "Cosmic Sage";
        traits.body[196] = "Cosmic Brave";
        traits.body[197] = "Cosmic Crescent";
        traits.body[198] = "Cosmic Emperor";
        traits.body[199] = "Cosmic Guardian";
        traits.body[200] = "Cosmic Professor";
        traits.beak[201] = "Cosmic Beak";
        traits.eyes[202] = "Cosmic Eyes";

        // Enlightened Special Kit Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.body[203] = "Enlightened Sage";
        traits.body[204] = "Enlightened Brave";
        traits.body[205] = "Enlightened Crescent";
        traits.body[206] = "Enlightened Emperor";
        traits.body[207] = "Enlightened Guardian";
        traits.body[208] = "Enlightened Professor";
        traits.eyes[209] = "Enlightened Lazy Eyes";
        traits.eyes[210] = "Enlightened Closed Eyes";
        traits.eyes[211] = "Enlightened Open Eyes";
        traits.beak[212] = "Enlightened Beak";

        // Based Skeleton Kit Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.body[213] = "Based Skeleton";
        traits.beak[214] = "Based Skeleton Small Beak";
        traits.beak[215] = "Based Skeleton Long Beak";
        traits.beak[216] = "Based Skeleton Short Beak";

        // Glitch Kit Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.body[217] = "Glitch Sage";
        traits.body[218] = "Glitch Brave";
        traits.body[219] = "Glitch Crescent";
        traits.body[220] = "Glitch Emperor";
        traits.body[221] = "Glitch Guardian";
        traits.body[222] = "Glitch Professor";
        traits.eyes[223] = "Glitch Eyes";

        traits.outerwear[224] = "EMPTY"; // EMPTY Spot on sprite sheet

        // Gold Kit Trait names & location on the sprite sheet

        traits.body[225] = "Gold Crescent";
        traits.body[226] = "Gold Emperor";
        traits.body[227] = "Gold Professor";
        traits.body[228] = "Gold Sage";
        traits.beak[229] = "Gold Long Beak";
        traits.beak[230] = "Gold Short Beak";
        traits.beak[231] = "Gold Small Beak";
        traits.eyes[232] = "Gold Angry Eyes";
        traits.eyes[233] = "Gold Discerning Eyes";
        traits.eyes[234] = "Gold Open Eyes";
        traits.eyes[235] = "Gold Lazy Eyes";
        traits.eyes[236] = "Gold Sideeye";

        // Robo Kit Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.body[237] = "Robo";
        traits.eyes[238] = "Robo Open Eyes";
        traits.eyes[239] = "Robo Angry Eyes";
        traits.beak[240] = "Robo Small Beak";
        traits.beak[241] = "Robo Long Beak";
        traits.beak[242] = "Robo Short Beak";

        // Skeleton Kit Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.body[243] = "Skeleton"; // Body
        traits.eyes[244] = "Skeleton Angry Eyes";
        traits.eyes[245] = "Skeleton Discerning Eyes";
        traits.eyes[246] = "Skeleton Open Eyes";
        traits.eyes[247] = "Skeleton Lazy Eyes";
        traits.beak[248] = "Skeleton Long Beak";
        traits.beak[249] = "Skeleton Short Beak";
        traits.beak[250] = "Skeleton Small Beak";

        // Scattered Kit Trait names & location on the sprite sheet
        traits.body[251] = "Scattered";
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.1) (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }

    function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "./IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC-165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 */
abstract contract ERC165 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/ERC721.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721} from "./IERC721.sol";
import {IERC721Metadata} from "./extensions/IERC721Metadata.sol";
import {ERC721Utils} from "./utils/ERC721Utils.sol";
import {Context} from "../../utils/Context.sol";
import {Strings} from "../../utils/Strings.sol";
import {IERC165, ERC165} from "../../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";
import {IERC721Errors} from "../../interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721[ERC-721] Non-Fungible Token Standard, including
 * the Metadata extension, but not including the Enumerable extension, which is available separately as
 * {ERC721Enumerable}.
 */
abstract contract ERC721 is Context, ERC165, IERC721, IERC721Metadata, IERC721Errors {
    using Strings for uint256;

    // Token name
    string private _name;

    // Token symbol
    string private _symbol;

    mapping(uint256 tokenId => address) private _owners;

    mapping(address owner => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping(uint256 tokenId => address) private _tokenApprovals;

    mapping(address owner => mapping(address operator => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract by setting a `name` and a `symbol` to the token collection.
     */
    constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC165, IERC165) returns (bool) {
        return
            interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
            interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId ||
            super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        if (owner == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidOwner(address(0));
        }
        return _balances[owner];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-ownerOf}.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _requireOwned(tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-name}.
     */
    function name() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-symbol}.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-tokenURI}.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual returns (string memory) {
        _requireOwned(tokenId);

        string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
        return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string.concat(baseURI, tokenId.toString()) : "";
    }

    /**
     * @dev Base URI for computing {tokenURI}. If set, the resulting URI for each
     * token will be the concatenation of the `baseURI` and the `tokenId`. Empty
     * by default, can be overridden in child contracts.
     */
    function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return "";
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-approve}.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public virtual {
        _approve(to, tokenId, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-getApproved}.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual returns (address) {
        _requireOwned(tokenId);

        return _getApproved(tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-setApprovalForAll}.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) public virtual {
        _setApprovalForAll(_msgSender(), operator, approved);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-isApprovedForAll}.
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-transferFrom}.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public virtual {
        if (to == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidReceiver(address(0));
        }
        // Setting an "auth" arguments enables the `_isAuthorized` check which verifies that the token exists
        // (from != 0). Therefore, it is not needed to verify that the return value is not 0 here.
        address previousOwner = _update(to, tokenId, _msgSender());
        if (previousOwner != from) {
            revert ERC721IncorrectOwner(from, tokenId, previousOwner);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public {
        safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) public virtual {
        transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
        ERC721Utils.checkOnERC721Received(_msgSender(), from, to, tokenId, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId`. Does NOT revert if token doesn't exist
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Any overrides to this function that add ownership of tokens not tracked by the
     * core ERC-721 logic MUST be matched with the use of {_increaseBalance} to keep balances
     * consistent with ownership. The invariant to preserve is that for any address `a` the value returned by
     * `balanceOf(a)` must be equal to the number of tokens such that `_ownerOf(tokenId)` is `a`.
     */
    function _ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return _owners[tokenId];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the approved address for `tokenId`. Returns 0 if `tokenId` is not minted.
     */
    function _getApproved(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `spender` is allowed to manage `owner`'s tokens, or `tokenId` in
     * particular (ignoring whether it is owned by `owner`).
     *
     * WARNING: This function assumes that `owner` is the actual owner of `tokenId` and does not verify this
     * assumption.
     */
    function _isAuthorized(address owner, address spender, uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
        return
            spender != address(0) &&
            (owner == spender || isApprovedForAll(owner, spender) || _getApproved(tokenId) == spender);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Checks if `spender` can operate on `tokenId`, assuming the provided `owner` is the actual owner.
     * Reverts if:
     * - `spender` does not have approval from `owner` for `tokenId`.
     * - `spender` does not have approval to manage all of `owner`'s assets.
     *
     * WARNING: This function assumes that `owner` is the actual owner of `tokenId` and does not verify this
     * assumption.
     */
    function _checkAuthorized(address owner, address spender, uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual {
        if (!_isAuthorized(owner, spender, tokenId)) {
            if (owner == address(0)) {
                revert ERC721NonexistentToken(tokenId);
            } else {
                revert ERC721InsufficientApproval(spender, tokenId);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Unsafe write access to the balances, used by extensions that "mint" tokens using an {ownerOf} override.
     *
     * NOTE: the value is limited to type(uint128).max. This protect against _balance overflow. It is unrealistic that
     * a uint256 would ever overflow from increments when these increments are bounded to uint128 values.
     *
     * WARNING: Increasing an account's balance using this function tends to be paired with an override of the
     * {_ownerOf} function to resolve the ownership of the corresponding tokens so that balances and ownership
     * remain consistent with one another.
     */
    function _increaseBalance(address account, uint128 value) internal virtual {
        unchecked {
            _balances[account] += value;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from its current owner to `to`, or alternatively mints (or burns) if the current owner
     * (or `to`) is the zero address. Returns the owner of the `tokenId` before the update.
     *
     * The `auth` argument is optional. If the value passed is non 0, then this function will check that
     * `auth` is either the owner of the token, or approved to operate on the token (by the owner).
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     *
     * NOTE: If overriding this function in a way that tracks balances, see also {_increaseBalance}.
     */
    function _update(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth) internal virtual returns (address) {
        address from = _ownerOf(tokenId);

        // Perform (optional) operator check
        if (auth != address(0)) {
            _checkAuthorized(from, auth, tokenId);
        }

        // Execute the update
        if (from != address(0)) {
            // Clear approval. No need to re-authorize or emit the Approval event
            _approve(address(0), tokenId, address(0), false);

            unchecked {
                _balances[from] -= 1;
            }
        }

        if (to != address(0)) {
            unchecked {
                _balances[to] += 1;
            }
        }

        _owners[tokenId] = to;

        emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);

        return from;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mints `tokenId` and transfers it to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Usage of this method is discouraged, use {_safeMint} whenever possible
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must not exist.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _mint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        if (to == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidReceiver(address(0));
        }
        address previousOwner = _update(to, tokenId, address(0));
        if (previousOwner != address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidSender(address(0));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mints `tokenId`, transfers it to `to` and checks for `to` acceptance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must not exist.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _safeMint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        _safeMint(to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-ERC721-_safeMint-address-uint256-}[`_safeMint`], with an additional `data` parameter which is
     * forwarded in {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} to contract recipients.
     */
    function _safeMint(address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) internal virtual {
        _mint(to, tokenId);
        ERC721Utils.checkOnERC721Received(_msgSender(), address(0), to, tokenId, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `tokenId`.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is burned.
     * This is an internal function that does not check if the sender is authorized to operate on the token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal {
        address previousOwner = _update(address(0), tokenId, address(0));
        if (previousOwner == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721NonexistentToken(tokenId);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
     *  As opposed to {transferFrom}, this imposes no restrictions on msg.sender.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        if (to == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidReceiver(address(0));
        }
        address previousOwner = _update(to, tokenId, address(0));
        if (previousOwner == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721NonexistentToken(tokenId);
        } else if (previousOwner != from) {
            revert ERC721IncorrectOwner(from, tokenId, previousOwner);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`, checking that contract recipients
     * are aware of the ERC-721 standard to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * `data` is additional data, it has no specified format and it is sent in call to `to`.
     *
     * This internal function is like {safeTransferFrom} in the sense that it invokes
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} on the receiver, and can be used to e.g.
     * implement alternative mechanisms to perform token transfer, such as signature-based.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _safeTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
        _safeTransfer(from, to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-ERC721-_safeTransfer-address-address-uint256-}[`_safeTransfer`], with an additional `data` parameter which is
     * forwarded in {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} to contract recipients.
     */
    function _safeTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) internal virtual {
        _transfer(from, to, tokenId);
        ERC721Utils.checkOnERC721Received(_msgSender(), from, to, tokenId, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve `to` to operate on `tokenId`
     *
     * The `auth` argument is optional. If the value passed is non 0, then this function will check that `auth` is
     * either the owner of the token, or approved to operate on all tokens held by this owner.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Overrides to this logic should be done to the variant with an additional `bool emitEvent` argument.
     */
    function _approve(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth) internal {
        _approve(to, tokenId, auth, true);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of `_approve` with an optional flag to enable or disable the {Approval} event. The event is not
     * emitted in the context of transfers.
     */
    function _approve(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth, bool emitEvent) internal virtual {
        // Avoid reading the owner unless necessary
        if (emitEvent || auth != address(0)) {
            address owner = _requireOwned(tokenId);

            // We do not use _isAuthorized because single-token approvals should not be able to call approve
            if (auth != address(0) && owner != auth && !isApprovedForAll(owner, auth)) {
                revert ERC721InvalidApprover(auth);
            }

            if (emitEvent) {
                emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
            }
        }

        _tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve `operator` to operate on all of `owner` tokens
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - operator can't be the address zero.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function _setApprovalForAll(address owner, address operator, bool approved) internal virtual {
        if (operator == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721InvalidOperator(operator);
        }
        _operatorApprovals[owner][operator] = approved;
        emit ApprovalForAll(owner, operator, approved);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if the `tokenId` doesn't have a current owner (it hasn't been minted, or it has been burned).
     * Returns the owner.
     *
     * Overrides to ownership logic should be done to {_ownerOf}.
     */
    function _requireOwned(uint256 tokenId) internal view returns (address) {
        address owner = _ownerOf(tokenId);
        if (owner == address(0)) {
            revert ERC721NonexistentToken(tokenId);
        }
        return owner;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// ERC721A Contracts v4.3.0
// Creator: Chiru Labs

pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import './IERC721A.sol';

/**
 * @dev Interface of ERC721 token receiver.
 */
interface ERC721A__IERC721Receiver {
    function onERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}

/**
 * @title ERC721A
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the [ERC721](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721)
 * Non-Fungible Token Standard, including the Metadata extension.
 * Optimized for lower gas during batch mints.
 *
 * Token IDs are minted in sequential order (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, ...)
 * starting from `_startTokenId()`.
 *
 * The `_sequentialUpTo()` function can be overriden to enable spot mints
 * (i.e. non-consecutive mints) for `tokenId`s greater than `_sequentialUpTo()`.
 *
 * Assumptions:
 *
 * - An owner cannot have more than 2**64 - 1 (max value of uint64) of supply.
 * - The maximum token ID cannot exceed 2**256 - 1 (max value of uint256).
 */
contract ERC721A is IERC721A {
    // Bypass for a `--via-ir` bug (https://github.com/chiru-labs/ERC721A/pull/364).
    struct TokenApprovalRef {
        address value;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                           CONSTANTS
    // =============================================================

    // Mask of an entry in packed address data.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_ADDRESS_DATA_ENTRY = (1 << 64) - 1;

    // The bit position of `numberMinted` in packed address data.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED = 64;

    // The bit position of `numberBurned` in packed address data.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED = 128;

    // The bit position of `aux` in packed address data.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_AUX = 192;

    // Mask of all 256 bits in packed address data except the 64 bits for `aux`.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_AUX_COMPLEMENT = (1 << 192) - 1;

    // The bit position of `startTimestamp` in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_START_TIMESTAMP = 160;

    // The bit mask of the `burned` bit in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_BURNED = 1 << 224;

    // The bit position of the `nextInitialized` bit in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_NEXT_INITIALIZED = 225;

    // The bit mask of the `nextInitialized` bit in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED = 1 << 225;

    // The bit position of `extraData` in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA = 232;

    // Mask of all 256 bits in a packed ownership except the 24 bits for `extraData`.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_EXTRA_DATA_COMPLEMENT = (1 << 232) - 1;

    // The mask of the lower 160 bits for addresses.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_ADDRESS = (1 << 160) - 1;

    // The maximum `quantity` that can be minted with {_mintERC2309}.
    // This limit is to prevent overflows on the address data entries.
    // For a limit of 5000, a total of 3.689e15 calls to {_mintERC2309}
    // is required to cause an overflow, which is unrealistic.
    uint256 private constant _MAX_MINT_ERC2309_QUANTITY_LIMIT = 5000;

    // The `Transfer` event signature is given by:
    // `keccak256(bytes("Transfer(address,address,uint256)"))`.
    bytes32 private constant _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE =
        0xddf252ad1be2c89b69c2b068fc378daa952ba7f163c4a11628f55a4df523b3ef;

    // =============================================================
    //                            STORAGE
    // =============================================================

    // The next token ID to be minted.
    uint256 private _currentIndex;

    // The number of tokens burned.
    uint256 private _burnCounter;

    // Token name
    string private _name;

    // Token symbol
    string private _symbol;

    // Mapping from token ID to ownership details
    // An empty struct value does not necessarily mean the token is unowned.
    // See {_packedOwnershipOf} implementation for details.
    //
    // Bits Layout:
    // - [0..159]   `addr`
    // - [160..223] `startTimestamp`
    // - [224]      `burned`
    // - [225]      `nextInitialized`
    // - [232..255] `extraData`
    mapping(uint256 => uint256) private _packedOwnerships;

    // Mapping owner address to address data.
    //
    // Bits Layout:
    // - [0..63]    `balance`
    // - [64..127]  `numberMinted`
    // - [128..191] `numberBurned`
    // - [192..255] `aux`
    mapping(address => uint256) private _packedAddressData;

    // Mapping from token ID to approved address.
    mapping(uint256 => TokenApprovalRef) private _tokenApprovals;

    // Mapping from owner to operator approvals
    mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;

    // The amount of tokens minted above `_sequentialUpTo()`.
    // We call these spot mints (i.e. non-sequential mints).
    uint256 private _spotMinted;

    // =============================================================
    //                          CONSTRUCTOR
    // =============================================================

    constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
        _currentIndex = _startTokenId();

        if (_sequentialUpTo() < _startTokenId()) _revert(SequentialUpToTooSmall.selector);
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                   TOKEN COUNTING OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the starting token ID for sequential mints.
     *
     * Override this function to change the starting token ID for sequential mints.
     *
     * Note: The value returned must never change after any tokens have been minted.
     */
    function _startTokenId() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the maximum token ID (inclusive) for sequential mints.
     *
     * Override this function to return a value less than 2**256 - 1,
     * but greater than `_startTokenId()`, to enable spot (non-sequential) mints.
     *
     * Note: The value returned must never change after any tokens have been minted.
     */
    function _sequentialUpTo() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return type(uint256).max;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the next token ID to be minted.
     */
    function _nextTokenId() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _currentIndex;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total number of tokens in existence.
     * Burned tokens will reduce the count.
     * To get the total number of tokens minted, please see {_totalMinted}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256 result) {
        // Counter underflow is impossible as `_burnCounter` cannot be incremented
        // more than `_currentIndex + _spotMinted - _startTokenId()` times.
        unchecked {
            // With spot minting, the intermediate `result` can be temporarily negative,
            // and the computation must be unchecked.
            result = _currentIndex - _burnCounter - _startTokenId();
            if (_sequentialUpTo() != type(uint256).max) result += _spotMinted;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total amount of tokens minted in the contract.
     */
    function _totalMinted() internal view virtual returns (uint256 result) {
        // Counter underflow is impossible as `_currentIndex` does not decrement,
        // and it is initialized to `_startTokenId()`.
        unchecked {
            result = _currentIndex - _startTokenId();
            if (_sequentialUpTo() != type(uint256).max) result += _spotMinted;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total number of tokens burned.
     */
    function _totalBurned() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _burnCounter;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total number of tokens that are spot-minted.
     */
    function _totalSpotMinted() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _spotMinted;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                    ADDRESS DATA OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of tokens in `owner`'s account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        if (owner == address(0)) _revert(BalanceQueryForZeroAddress.selector);
        return _packedAddressData[owner] & _BITMASK_ADDRESS_DATA_ENTRY;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of tokens minted by `owner`.
     */
    function _numberMinted(address owner) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return (_packedAddressData[owner] >> _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED) & _BITMASK_ADDRESS_DATA_ENTRY;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of tokens burned by or on behalf of `owner`.
     */
    function _numberBurned(address owner) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return (_packedAddressData[owner] >> _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED) & _BITMASK_ADDRESS_DATA_ENTRY;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the auxiliary data for `owner`. (e.g. number of whitelist mint slots used).
     */
    function _getAux(address owner) internal view returns (uint64) {
        return uint64(_packedAddressData[owner] >> _BITPOS_AUX);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the auxiliary data for `owner`. (e.g. number of whitelist mint slots used).
     * If there are multiple variables, please pack them into a uint64.
     */
    function _setAux(address owner, uint64 aux) internal virtual {
        uint256 packed = _packedAddressData[owner];
        uint256 auxCasted;
        // Cast `aux` with assembly to avoid redundant masking.
        assembly {
            auxCasted := aux
        }
        packed = (packed & _BITMASK_AUX_COMPLEMENT) | (auxCasted << _BITPOS_AUX);
        _packedAddressData[owner] = packed;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                            IERC165
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * [EIP section](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified)
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        // The interface IDs are constants representing the first 4 bytes
        // of the XOR of all function selectors in the interface.
        // See: [ERC165](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165)
        // (e.g. `bytes4(i.functionA.selector ^ i.functionB.selector ^ ...)`)
        return
            interfaceId == 0x01ffc9a7 || // ERC165 interface ID for ERC165.
            interfaceId == 0x80ac58cd || // ERC165 interface ID for ERC721.
            interfaceId == 0x5b5e139f; // ERC165 interface ID for ERC721Metadata.
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                        IERC721Metadata
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection name.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection symbol.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for `tokenId` token.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        if (!_exists(tokenId)) _revert(URIQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);

        string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
        return bytes(baseURI).length != 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, _toString(tokenId))) : '';
    }

    /**
     * @dev Base URI for computing {tokenURI}. If set, the resulting URI for each
     * token will be the concatenation of the `baseURI` and the `tokenId`. Empty
     * by default, it can be overridden in child contracts.
     */
    function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return '';
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                     OWNERSHIPS OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (address) {
        return address(uint160(_packedOwnershipOf(tokenId)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Gas spent here starts off proportional to the maximum mint batch size.
     * It gradually moves to O(1) as tokens get transferred around over time.
     */
    function _ownershipOf(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (TokenOwnership memory) {
        return _unpackedOwnership(_packedOwnershipOf(tokenId));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the unpacked `TokenOwnership` struct at `index`.
     */
    function _ownershipAt(uint256 index) internal view virtual returns (TokenOwnership memory) {
        return _unpackedOwnership(_packedOwnerships[index]);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether the ownership slot at `index` is initialized.
     * An uninitialized slot does not necessarily mean that the slot has no owner.
     */
    function _ownershipIsInitialized(uint256 index) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _packedOwnerships[index] != 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the ownership slot minted at `index` for efficiency purposes.
     */
    function _initializeOwnershipAt(uint256 index) internal virtual {
        if (_packedOwnerships[index] == uint256(0)) {
            _packedOwnerships[index] = _packedOwnershipOf(index);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the packed ownership data of `tokenId`.
     */
    function _packedOwnershipOf(uint256 tokenId) private view returns (uint256 packed) {
        if (_startTokenId() <= tokenId) {
            packed = _packedOwnerships[tokenId];

            if (tokenId > _sequentialUpTo()) {
                if (_packedOwnershipExists(packed)) return packed;
                _revert(OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);
            }

            // If the data at the starting slot does not exist, start the scan.
            if (packed == uint256(0)) {
                if (tokenId >= _currentIndex) _revert(OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);
                // Invariant:
                // There will always be an initialized ownership slot
                // (i.e. `ownership.addr != address(0) && ownership.burned == false`)
                // before an unintialized ownership slot
                // (i.e. `ownership.addr == address(0) && ownership.burned == false`)
                // Hence, `tokenId` will not underflow.
                //
                // We can directly compare the packed value.
                // If the address is zero, packed will be zero.
                for (;;) {
                    unchecked {
                        packed = _packedOwnerships[--tokenId];
                    }
                    if (packed == uint256(0)) continue;
                    if (packed & _BITMASK_BURNED == uint256(0)) return packed;
                    // Otherwise, the token is burned, and we must revert.
                    // This handles the case of batch burned tokens, where only the burned bit
                    // of the starting slot is set, and remaining slots are left uninitialized.
                    _revert(OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);
                }
            }
            // Otherwise, the data exists and we can skip the scan.
            // This is possible because we have already achieved the target condition.
            // This saves 2143 gas on transfers of initialized tokens.
            // If the token is not burned, return `packed`. Otherwise, revert.
            if (packed & _BITMASK_BURNED == uint256(0)) return packed;
        }
        _revert(OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the unpacked `TokenOwnership` struct from `packed`.
     */
    function _unpackedOwnership(uint256 packed) private pure returns (TokenOwnership memory ownership) {
        ownership.addr = address(uint160(packed));
        ownership.startTimestamp = uint64(packed >> _BITPOS_START_TIMESTAMP);
        ownership.burned = packed & _BITMASK_BURNED != 0;
        ownership.extraData = uint24(packed >> _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Packs ownership data into a single uint256.
     */
    function _packOwnershipData(address owner, uint256 flags) private view returns (uint256 result) {
        assembly {
            // Mask `owner` to the lower 160 bits, in case the upper bits somehow aren't clean.
            owner := and(owner, _BITMASK_ADDRESS)
            // `owner | (block.timestamp << _BITPOS_START_TIMESTAMP) | flags`.
            result := or(owner, or(shl(_BITPOS_START_TIMESTAMP, timestamp()), flags))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the `nextInitialized` flag set if `quantity` equals 1.
     */
    function _nextInitializedFlag(uint256 quantity) private pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // For branchless setting of the `nextInitialized` flag.
        assembly {
            // `(quantity == 1) << _BITPOS_NEXT_INITIALIZED`.
            result := shl(_BITPOS_NEXT_INITIALIZED, eq(quantity, 1))
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                      APPROVAL OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account. See {ERC721A-_approve}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public payable virtual override {
        _approve(to, tokenId, true);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the account approved for `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (address) {
        if (!_exists(tokenId)) _revert(ApprovalQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);

        return _tokenApprovals[tokenId].value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve or remove `operator` as an operator for the caller.
     * Operators can call {transferFrom} or {safeTransferFrom}
     * for any token owned by the caller.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The `operator` cannot be the caller.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) public virtual override {
        _operatorApprovals[_msgSenderERC721A()][operator] = approved;
        emit ApprovalForAll(_msgSenderERC721A(), operator, approved);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns if the `operator` is allowed to manage all of the assets of `owner`.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}.
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `tokenId` exists.
     *
     * Tokens can be managed by their owner or approved accounts via {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Tokens start existing when they are minted. See {_mint}.
     */
    function _exists(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (bool result) {
        if (_startTokenId() <= tokenId) {
            if (tokenId > _sequentialUpTo()) return _packedOwnershipExists(_packedOwnerships[tokenId]);

            if (tokenId < _currentIndex) {
                uint256 packed;
                while ((packed = _packedOwnerships[tokenId]) == uint256(0)) --tokenId;
                result = packed & _BITMASK_BURNED == uint256(0);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `packed` represents a token that exists.
     */
    function _packedOwnershipExists(uint256 packed) private pure returns (bool result) {
        assembly {
            // The following is equivalent to `owner != address(0) && burned == false`.
            // Symbolically tested.
            result := gt(and(packed, _BITMASK_ADDRESS), and(packed, _BITMASK_BURNED))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `msgSender` is equal to `approvedAddress` or `owner`.
     */
    function _isSenderApprovedOrOwner(
        uint256 approvedAddressValue,
        uint256 ownerMasked,
        uint256 msgSenderMasked
    ) private pure returns (bool result) {
        assembly {
            result := or(eq(msgSenderMasked, ownerMasked), eq(msgSenderMasked, approvedAddressValue))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the storage slot and value for the approved address of `tokenId` casted to a uint256.
     */
    function _getApprovedSlotAndValue(uint256 tokenId)
        private
        view
        returns (uint256 approvedAddressSlot, uint256 approvedAddressValue)
    {
        TokenApprovalRef storage tokenApproval = _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
        // The following is equivalent to `approvedAddressValue = uint160(_tokenApprovals[tokenId].value)`.
        assembly {
            approvedAddressSlot := tokenApproval.slot
            approvedAddressValue := sload(approvedAddressSlot)
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                      TRANSFER OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token
     * by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public payable virtual override {
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked = _packedOwnershipOf(tokenId);
        uint256 fromMasked = uint160(from);

        if (uint160(prevOwnershipPacked) != fromMasked) _revert(TransferFromIncorrectOwner.selector);

        (uint256 approvedAddressSlot, uint256 approvedAddressValue) = _getApprovedSlotAndValue(tokenId);

        // The nested ifs save around 20+ gas over a compound boolean condition.
        if (!_isSenderApprovedOrOwner(approvedAddressValue, fromMasked, uint160(_msgSenderERC721A())))
            if (!isApprovedForAll(from, _msgSenderERC721A())) _revert(TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved.selector);

        _beforeTokenTransfers(from, to, tokenId, 1);

        assembly {
            if approvedAddressValue {
                sstore(approvedAddressSlot, 0) // Equivalent to `delete _tokenApprovals[tokenId]`.
            }
        }

        // Underflow of the sender's balance is impossible because we check for
        // ownership above and the recipient's balance can't realistically overflow.
        // Counter overflow is incredibly unrealistic as `tokenId` would have to be 2**256.
        unchecked {
            // We can directly increment and decrement the balances.
            --_packedAddressData[from]; // Updates: `balance -= 1`.
            ++_packedAddressData[to]; // Updates: `balance += 1`.

            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the next owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of transfering.
            // - `burned` to `false`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `true`.
            _packedOwnerships[tokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                to,
                _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED | _nextExtraData(from, to, prevOwnershipPacked)
            );

            // If the next slot may not have been initialized (i.e. `nextInitialized == false`) .
            if (prevOwnershipPacked & _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED == uint256(0)) {
                uint256 nextTokenId = tokenId + 1;
                // If the next slot's address is zero and not burned (i.e. packed value is zero).
                if (_packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] == uint256(0)) {
                    // If the next slot is within bounds.
                    if (nextTokenId != _currentIndex) {
                        // Initialize the next slot to maintain correctness for `ownerOf(tokenId + 1)`.
                        _packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] = prevOwnershipPacked;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Mask to the lower 160 bits, in case the upper bits somehow aren't clean.
        uint256 toMasked = uint160(to);
        assembly {
            // Emit the `Transfer` event.
            log4(
                0, // Start of data (0, since no data).
                0, // End of data (0, since no data).
                _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE, // Signature.
                fromMasked, // `from`.
                toMasked, // `to`.
                tokenId // `tokenId`.
            )
        }
        if (toMasked == uint256(0)) _revert(TransferToZeroAddress.selector);

        _afterTokenTransfers(from, to, tokenId, 1);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, '')`.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public payable virtual override {
        safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, '');
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token
     * by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory _data
    ) public payable virtual override {
        transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
        if (to.code.length != 0)
            if (!_checkContractOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, _data)) {
                _revert(TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer.selector);
            }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `_batchTransferFrom(from, to, tokenIds)`.
     */
    function _batchTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256[] memory tokenIds
    ) internal virtual {
        _batchTransferFrom(address(0), from, to, tokenIds);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenIds` in batch from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenIds` tokens must be owned by `from`.
     * - `tokenIds` must be strictly ascending.
     * - If `by` is not `from`, it must be approved to move these tokens
     * by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * `by` is the address that to check token approval for.
     * If token approval check is not needed, pass in `address(0)` for `by`.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event for each transfer.
     */
    function _batchTransferFrom(
        address by,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256[] memory tokenIds
    ) internal virtual {
        uint256 byMasked = uint160(by);
        uint256 fromMasked = uint160(from);
        uint256 toMasked = uint160(to);
        // Disallow transfer to zero address.
        if (toMasked == uint256(0)) _revert(TransferToZeroAddress.selector);
        // Whether `by` may transfer the tokens.
        bool mayTransfer = _orERC721A(byMasked == uint256(0), byMasked == fromMasked) || isApprovedForAll(from, by);

        // Early return if `tokenIds` is empty.
        if (tokenIds.length == uint256(0)) return;
        // The next `tokenId` to be minted (i.e. `_nextTokenId()`).
        uint256 end = _currentIndex;
        // Pointer to start and end (exclusive) of `tokenIds`.
        (uint256 ptr, uint256 ptrEnd) = _mdataERC721A(tokenIds);

        uint256 prevTokenId;
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked;
        unchecked {
            do {
                uint256 tokenId = _mloadERC721A(ptr);
                uint256 miniBatchStart = tokenId;
                // Revert `tokenId` is out of bounds.
                if (_orERC721A(tokenId < _startTokenId(), end <= tokenId))
                    _revert(OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);
                // Revert if `tokenIds` is not strictly ascending.
                if (prevOwnershipPacked != 0)
                    if (tokenId <= prevTokenId) _revert(TokenIdsNotStrictlyAscending.selector);
                // Scan backwards for an initialized packed ownership slot.
                // ERC721A's invariant guarantees that there will always be an initialized slot as long as
                // the start of the backwards scan falls within `[_startTokenId() .. _nextTokenId())`.
                for (uint256 j = tokenId; (prevOwnershipPacked = _packedOwnerships[j]) == uint256(0); ) --j;
                // If the initialized slot is burned, revert.
                if (prevOwnershipPacked & _BITMASK_BURNED != 0) _revert(OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);
                // Check that `tokenId` is owned by `from`.
                if (uint160(prevOwnershipPacked) != fromMasked) _revert(TransferFromIncorrectOwner.selector);

                do {
                    (uint256 approvedAddressSlot, uint256 approvedAddressValue) = _getApprovedSlotAndValue(tokenId);
                    _beforeTokenTransfers(address(uint160(fromMasked)), address(uint160(toMasked)), tokenId, 1);
                    // Revert if the sender is not authorized to transfer the token.
                    if (!mayTransfer)
                        if (byMasked != approvedAddressValue) _revert(TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved.selector);
                    assembly {
                        if approvedAddressValue {
                            sstore(approvedAddressSlot, 0) // Equivalent to `delete _tokenApprovals[tokenId]`.
                        }
                        // Emit the `Transfer` event.
                        log4(0, 0, _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE, fromMasked, toMasked, tokenId)
                    }

                    if (_mloadERC721A(ptr += 0x20) != ++tokenId) break;
                    if (ptr == ptrEnd) break;
                } while (_packedOwnerships[tokenId] == uint256(0));

                // Updates tokenId:
                // - `address` to the next owner.
                // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of transferring.
                // - `burned` to `false`.
                // - `nextInitialized` to `false`, as it is optional.
                _packedOwnerships[miniBatchStart] = _packOwnershipData(
                    address(uint160(toMasked)),
                    _nextExtraData(address(uint160(fromMasked)), address(uint160(toMasked)), prevOwnershipPacked)
                );
                uint256 miniBatchLength = tokenId - miniBatchStart;
                // Update the address data.
                _packedAddressData[address(uint160(fromMasked))] -= miniBatchLength;
                _packedAddressData[address(uint160(toMasked))] += miniBatchLength;
                // Initialize the next slot if needed.
                if (tokenId != end)
                    if (_packedOwnerships[tokenId] == uint256(0)) _packedOwnerships[tokenId] = prevOwnershipPacked;
                // Perform the after hook for the batch.
                _afterTokenTransfers(
                    address(uint160(fromMasked)),
                    address(uint160(toMasked)),
                    miniBatchStart,
                    miniBatchLength
                );
                // Set the `prevTokenId` for checking that the `tokenIds` is strictly ascending.
                prevTokenId = tokenId - 1;
            } while (ptr != ptrEnd);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenIds` in batch from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenIds` tokens must be owned by `from`.
     * - If `by` is not `from`, it must be approved to move these tokens
     * by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called for each transferred token.
     *
     * `by` is the address that to check token approval for.
     * If token approval check is not needed, pass in `address(0)` for `by`.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event for each transfer.
     */
    function _safeBatchTransferFrom(
        address by,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256[] memory tokenIds,
        bytes memory _data
    ) internal virtual {
        _batchTransferFrom(by, from, to, tokenIds);

        unchecked {
            if (to.code.length != 0) {
                for ((uint256 ptr, uint256 ptrEnd) = _mdataERC721A(tokenIds); ptr != ptrEnd; ptr += 0x20) {
                    if (!_checkContractOnERC721Received(from, to, _mloadERC721A(ptr), _data)) {
                        _revert(TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer.selector);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before a set of serially-ordered token IDs
     * are about to be transferred. This includes minting.
     * And also called before burning one token.
     *
     * `startTokenId` - the first token ID to be transferred.
     * `quantity` - the amount to be transferred.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `from`'s `tokenId` will be
     * transferred to `to`.
     * - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` will be minted for `to`.
     * - When `to` is zero, `tokenId` will be burned by `from`.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfers(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 startTokenId,
        uint256 quantity
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after a set of serially-ordered token IDs
     * have been transferred. This includes minting.
     * And also called after one token has been burned.
     *
     * `startTokenId` - the first token ID to be transferred.
     * `quantity` - the amount to be transferred.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `from`'s `tokenId` has been
     * transferred to `to`.
     * - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` has been minted for `to`.
     * - When `to` is zero, `tokenId` has been burned by `from`.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfers(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 startTokenId,
        uint256 quantity
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Private function to invoke {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} on a target contract.
     *
     * `from` - Previous owner of the given token ID.
     * `to` - Target address that will receive the token.
     * `tokenId` - Token ID to be transferred.
     * `_data` - Optional data to send along with the call.
     *
     * Returns whether the call correctly returned the expected magic value.
     */
    function _checkContractOnERC721Received(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory _data
    ) private returns (bool) {
        try ERC721A__IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(_msgSenderERC721A(), from, tokenId, _data) returns (
            bytes4 retval
        ) {
            return retval == ERC721A__IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received.selector;
        } catch (bytes memory reason) {
            if (reason.length == uint256(0)) {
                _revert(TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer.selector);
            }
            assembly {
                revert(add(32, reason), mload(reason))
            }
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                        MINT OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Mints `quantity` tokens and transfers them to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `quantity` must be greater than 0.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event for each mint.
     */
    function _mint(address to, uint256 quantity) internal virtual {
        uint256 startTokenId = _currentIndex;
        if (quantity == uint256(0)) _revert(MintZeroQuantity.selector);

        _beforeTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);

        // Overflows are incredibly unrealistic.
        // `balance` and `numberMinted` have a maximum limit of 2**64.
        // `tokenId` has a maximum limit of 2**256.
        unchecked {
            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of minting.
            // - `burned` to `false`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `quantity == 1`.
            _packedOwnerships[startTokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                to,
                _nextInitializedFlag(quantity) | _nextExtraData(address(0), to, 0)
            );

            // Updates:
            // - `balance += quantity`.
            // - `numberMinted += quantity`.
            //
            // We can directly add to the `balance` and `numberMinted`.
            _packedAddressData[to] += quantity * ((1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED) | 1);

            // Mask to the lower 160 bits, in case the upper bits somehow aren't clean.
            uint256 toMasked = uint160(to);

            if (toMasked == uint256(0)) _revert(MintToZeroAddress.selector);

            uint256 end = startTokenId + quantity;
            uint256 tokenId = startTokenId;

            if (end - 1 > _sequentialUpTo()) _revert(SequentialMintExceedsLimit.selector);

            do {
                assembly {
                    // Emit the `Transfer` event.
                    log4(
                        0, // Start of data (0, since no data).
                        0, // End of data (0, since no data).
                        _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE, // Signature.
                        0, // `address(0)`.
                        toMasked, // `to`.
                        tokenId // `tokenId`.
                    )
                }
                // The `!=` check ensures that large values of `quantity`
                // that overflows uint256 will make the loop run out of gas.
            } while (++tokenId != end);

            _currentIndex = end;
        }
        _afterTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mints `quantity` tokens and transfers them to `to`.
     *
     * This function is intended for efficient minting only during contract creation.
     *
     * It emits only one {ConsecutiveTransfer} as defined in
     * [ERC2309](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2309),
     * instead of a sequence of {Transfer} event(s).
     *
     * Calling this function outside of contract creation WILL make your contract
     * non-compliant with the ERC721 standard.
     * For full ERC721 compliance, substituting ERC721 {Transfer} event(s) with the ERC2309
     * {ConsecutiveTransfer} event is only permissible during contract creation.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `quantity` must be greater than 0.
     *
     * Emits a {ConsecutiveTransfer} event.
     */
    function _mintERC2309(address to, uint256 quantity) internal virtual {
        uint256 startTokenId = _currentIndex;
        if (to == address(0)) _revert(MintToZeroAddress.selector);
        if (quantity == uint256(0)) _revert(MintZeroQuantity.selector);
        if (quantity > _MAX_MINT_ERC2309_QUANTITY_LIMIT) _revert(MintERC2309QuantityExceedsLimit.selector);

        _beforeTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);

        // Overflows are unrealistic due to the above check for `quantity` to be below the limit.
        unchecked {
            // Updates:
            // - `balance += quantity`.
            // - `numberMinted += quantity`.
            //
            // We can directly add to the `balance` and `numberMinted`.
            _packedAddressData[to] += quantity * ((1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED) | 1);

            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of minting.
            // - `burned` to `false`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `quantity == 1`.
            _packedOwnerships[startTokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                to,
                _nextInitializedFlag(quantity) | _nextExtraData(address(0), to, 0)
            );

            if (startTokenId + quantity - 1 > _sequentialUpTo()) _revert(SequentialMintExceedsLimit.selector);

            emit ConsecutiveTransfer(startTokenId, startTokenId + quantity - 1, address(0), to);

            _currentIndex = startTokenId + quantity;
        }
        _afterTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely mints `quantity` tokens and transfers them to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called for each safe transfer.
     * - `quantity` must be greater than 0.
     *
     * See {_mint}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event for each mint.
     */
    function _safeMint(
        address to,
        uint256 quantity,
        bytes memory _data
    ) internal virtual {
        _mint(to, quantity);

        unchecked {
            if (to.code.length != 0) {
                uint256 end = _currentIndex;
                uint256 index = end - quantity;
                do {
                    if (!_checkContractOnERC721Received(address(0), to, index++, _data)) {
                        _revert(TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer.selector);
                    }
                } while (index < end);
                // This prevents reentrancy to `_safeMint`.
                // It does not prevent reentrancy to `_safeMintSpot`.
                if (_currentIndex != end) revert();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `_safeMint(to, quantity, '')`.
     */
    function _safeMint(address to, uint256 quantity) internal virtual {
        _safeMint(to, quantity, '');
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mints a single token at `tokenId`.
     *
     * Note: A spot-minted `tokenId` that has been burned can be re-minted again.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` must be greater than `_sequentialUpTo()`.
     * - `tokenId` must not exist.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event for each mint.
     */
    function _mintSpot(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        if (tokenId <= _sequentialUpTo()) _revert(SpotMintTokenIdTooSmall.selector);
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked = _packedOwnerships[tokenId];
        if (_packedOwnershipExists(prevOwnershipPacked)) _revert(TokenAlreadyExists.selector);

        _beforeTokenTransfers(address(0), to, tokenId, 1);

        // Overflows are incredibly unrealistic.
        // The `numberMinted` for `to` is incremented by 1, and has a max limit of 2**64 - 1.
        // `_spotMinted` is incremented by 1, and has a max limit of 2**256 - 1.
        unchecked {
            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of minting.
            // - `burned` to `false`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `true` (as `quantity == 1`).
            _packedOwnerships[tokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                to,
                _nextInitializedFlag(1) | _nextExtraData(address(0), to, prevOwnershipPacked)
            );

            // Updates:
            // - `balance += 1`.
            // - `numberMinted += 1`.
            //
            // We can directly add to the `balance` and `numberMinted`.
            _packedAddressData[to] += (1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED) | 1;

            // Mask to the lower 160 bits, in case the upper bits somehow aren't clean.
            uint256 toMasked = uint160(to);

            if (toMasked == uint256(0)) _revert(MintToZeroAddress.selector);

            assembly {
                // Emit the `Transfer` event.
                log4(
                    0, // Start of data (0, since no data).
                    0, // End of data (0, since no data).
                    _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE, // Signature.
                    0, // `address(0)`.
                    toMasked, // `to`.
                    tokenId // `tokenId`.
                )
            }

            ++_spotMinted;
        }

        _afterTokenTransfers(address(0), to, tokenId, 1);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely mints a single token at `tokenId`.
     *
     * Note: A spot-minted `tokenId` that has been burned can be re-minted again.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}.
     * - `tokenId` must be greater than `_sequentialUpTo()`.
     * - `tokenId` must not exist.
     *
     * See {_mintSpot}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _safeMintSpot(
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory _data
    ) internal virtual {
        _mintSpot(to, tokenId);

        unchecked {
            if (to.code.length != 0) {
                uint256 currentSpotMinted = _spotMinted;
                if (!_checkContractOnERC721Received(address(0), to, tokenId, _data)) {
                    _revert(TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer.selector);
                }
                // This prevents reentrancy to `_safeMintSpot`.
                // It does not prevent reentrancy to `_safeMint`.
                if (_spotMinted != currentSpotMinted) revert();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `_safeMintSpot(to, tokenId, '')`.
     */
    function _safeMintSpot(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        _safeMintSpot(to, tokenId, '');
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                       APPROVAL OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `_approve(to, tokenId, false)`.
     */
    function _approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        _approve(to, tokenId, false);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is transferred.
     *
     * Only a single account can be approved at a time, so approving the
     * zero address clears previous approvals.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function _approve(
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bool approvalCheck
    ) internal virtual {
        address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);

        if (approvalCheck && _msgSenderERC721A() != owner)
            if (!isApprovedForAll(owner, _msgSenderERC721A())) {
                _revert(ApprovalCallerNotOwnerNorApproved.selector);
            }

        _tokenApprovals[tokenId].value = to;
        emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                        BURN OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `_burn(tokenId, false)`.
     */
    function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        _burn(tokenId, false);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `tokenId`.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is burned.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _burn(uint256 tokenId, bool approvalCheck) internal virtual {
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked = _packedOwnershipOf(tokenId);

        uint256 fromMasked = uint160(prevOwnershipPacked);
        address from = address(uint160(fromMasked));

        (uint256 approvedAddressSlot, uint256 approvedAddressValue) = _getApprovedSlotAndValue(tokenId);

        if (approvalCheck) {
            // The nested ifs save around 20+ gas over a compound boolean condition.
            if (!_isSenderApprovedOrOwner(approvedAddressValue, fromMasked, uint160(_msgSenderERC721A())))
                if (!isApprovedForAll(from, _msgSenderERC721A())) _revert(TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved.selector);
        }

        _beforeTokenTransfers(from, address(0), tokenId, 1);

        assembly {
            if approvedAddressValue {
                sstore(approvedAddressSlot, 0) // Equivalent to `delete _tokenApprovals[tokenId]`.
            }
        }

        // Underflow of the sender's balance is impossible because we check for
        // ownership above and the recipient's balance can't realistically overflow.
        // Counter overflow is incredibly unrealistic as `tokenId` would have to be 2**256.
        unchecked {
            // Updates:
            // - `balance -= 1`.
            // - `numberBurned += 1`.
            //
            // We can directly decrement the balance, and increment the number burned.
            // This is equivalent to `packed -= 1; packed += 1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED;`.
            _packedAddressData[from] += (1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED) - 1;

            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the last owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of burning.
            // - `burned` to `true`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `true`.
            _packedOwnerships[tokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                from,
                (_BITMASK_BURNED | _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED) | _nextExtraData(from, address(0), prevOwnershipPacked)
            );

            // If the next slot may not have been initialized (i.e. `nextInitialized == false`) .
            if (prevOwnershipPacked & _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED == uint256(0)) {
                uint256 nextTokenId = tokenId + 1;
                // If the next slot's address is zero and not burned (i.e. packed value is zero).
                if (_packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] == uint256(0)) {
                    // If the next slot is within bounds.
                    if (nextTokenId != _currentIndex) {
                        // Initialize the next slot to maintain correctness for `ownerOf(tokenId + 1)`.
                        _packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] = prevOwnershipPacked;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        emit Transfer(from, address(0), tokenId);
        _afterTokenTransfers(from, address(0), tokenId, 1);

        // Overflow not possible, as `_burnCounter` cannot be exceed `_currentIndex + _spotMinted` times.
        unchecked {
            _burnCounter++;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `tokenIds`.
     * Approvals are not cleared when tokenIds are burned.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenIds` must exist.
     * - `tokenIds` must be strictly ascending.
     * - `by` must be approved to burn these tokens by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * `by` is the address that to check token approval for.
     * If token approval check is not needed, pass in `address(0)` for `by`.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event for each token burned.
     */
    function _batchBurn(address by, uint256[] memory tokenIds) internal virtual {
        // Early return if `tokenIds` is empty.
        if (tokenIds.length == uint256(0)) return;
        // The next `tokenId` to be minted (i.e. `_nextTokenId()`).
        uint256 end = _currentIndex;
        // Pointer to start and end (exclusive) of `tokenIds`.
        (uint256 ptr, uint256 ptrEnd) = _mdataERC721A(tokenIds);

        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked;
        address prevTokenOwner;
        uint256 prevTokenId;
        bool mayBurn;
        unchecked {
            do {
                uint256 tokenId = _mloadERC721A(ptr);
                uint256 miniBatchStart = tokenId;
                // Revert `tokenId` is out of bounds.
                if (_orERC721A(tokenId < _startTokenId(), end <= tokenId))
                    _revert(OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);
                // Revert if `tokenIds` is not strictly ascending.
                if (prevOwnershipPacked != 0)
                    if (tokenId <= prevTokenId) _revert(TokenIdsNotStrictlyAscending.selector);
                // Scan backwards for an initialized packed ownership slot.
                // ERC721A's invariant guarantees that there will always be an initialized slot as long as
                // the start of the backwards scan falls within `[_startTokenId() .. _nextTokenId())`.
                for (uint256 j = tokenId; (prevOwnershipPacked = _packedOwnerships[j]) == uint256(0); ) --j;
                // If the initialized slot is burned, revert.
                if (prevOwnershipPacked & _BITMASK_BURNED != 0) _revert(OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken.selector);

                address tokenOwner = address(uint160(prevOwnershipPacked));
                if (tokenOwner != prevTokenOwner) {
                    prevTokenOwner = tokenOwner;
                    mayBurn = _orERC721A(by == address(0), tokenOwner == by) || isApprovedForAll(tokenOwner, by);
                }

                do {
                    (uint256 approvedAddressSlot, uint256 approvedAddressValue) = _getApprovedSlotAndValue(tokenId);
                    _beforeTokenTransfers(tokenOwner, address(0), tokenId, 1);
                    // Revert if the sender is not authorized to transfer the token.
                    if (!mayBurn)
                        if (uint160(by) != approvedAddressValue) _revert(TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved.selector);
                    assembly {
                        if approvedAddressValue {
                            sstore(approvedAddressSlot, 0) // Equivalent to `delete _tokenApprovals[tokenId]`.
                        }
                        // Emit the `Transfer` event.
                        log4(0, 0, _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE, and(_BITMASK_ADDRESS, tokenOwner), 0, tokenId)
                    }
                    if (_mloadERC721A(ptr += 0x20) != ++tokenId) break;
                    if (ptr == ptrEnd) break;
                } while (_packedOwnerships[tokenId] == uint256(0));

                // Updates tokenId:
                // - `address` to the same `tokenOwner`.
                // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of transferring.
                // - `burned` to `true`.
                // - `nextInitialized` to `false`, as it is optional.
                _packedOwnerships[miniBatchStart] = _packOwnershipData(
                    tokenOwner,
                    _BITMASK_BURNED | _nextExtraData(tokenOwner, address(0), prevOwnershipPacked)
                );
                uint256 miniBatchLength = tokenId - miniBatchStart;
                // Update the address data.
                _packedAddressData[tokenOwner] += (miniBatchLength << _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED) - miniBatchLength;
                // Initialize the next slot if needed.
                if (tokenId != end)
                    if (_packedOwnerships[tokenId] == uint256(0)) _packedOwnerships[tokenId] = prevOwnershipPacked;
                // Perform the after hook for the batch.
                _afterTokenTransfers(tokenOwner, address(0), miniBatchStart, miniBatchLength);
                // Set the `prevTokenId` for checking that the `tokenIds` is strictly ascending.
                prevTokenId = tokenId - 1;
            } while (ptr != ptrEnd);
            // Increment the overall burn counter.
            _burnCounter += tokenIds.length;
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                     EXTRA DATA OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Directly sets the extra data for the ownership data `index`.
     */
    function _setExtraDataAt(uint256 index, uint24 extraData) internal virtual {
        uint256 packed = _packedOwnerships[index];
        if (packed == uint256(0)) _revert(OwnershipNotInitializedForExtraData.selector);
        uint256 extraDataCasted;
        // Cast `extraData` with assembly to avoid redundant masking.
        assembly {
            extraDataCasted := extraData
        }
        packed = (packed & _BITMASK_EXTRA_DATA_COMPLEMENT) | (extraDataCasted << _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA);
        _packedOwnerships[index] = packed;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Called during each token transfer to set the 24bit `extraData` field.
     * Intended to be overridden by the cosumer contract.
     *
     * `previousExtraData` - the value of `extraData` before transfer.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `from`'s `tokenId` will be
     * transferred to `to`.
     * - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` will be minted for `to`.
     * - When `to` is zero, `tokenId` will be burned by `from`.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     */
    function _extraData(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint24 previousExtraData
    ) internal view virtual returns (uint24) {}

    /**
     * @dev Returns the next extra data for the packed ownership data.
     * The returned result is shifted into position.
     */
    function _nextExtraData(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        uint24 extraData = uint24(prevOwnershipPacked >> _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA);
        return uint256(_extraData(from, to, extraData)) << _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                        PRIVATE HELPERS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns a memory pointer to the start of `a`'s data.
     */
    function _mdataERC721A(uint256[] memory a) private pure returns (uint256 start, uint256 end) {
        assembly {
            start := add(a, 0x20)
            end := add(start, shl(5, mload(a)))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the uint256 at `p` in memory.
     */
    function _mloadERC721A(uint256 p) private pure returns (uint256 result) {
        assembly {
            result := mload(p)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Branchless boolean or.
     */
    function _orERC721A(bool a, bool b) private pure returns (bool result) {
        assembly {
            result := or(iszero(iszero(a)), iszero(iszero(b)))
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                       OTHER OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the message sender (defaults to `msg.sender`).
     *
     * If you are writing GSN compatible contracts, you need to override this function.
     */
    function _msgSenderERC721A() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a uint256 to its ASCII string decimal representation.
     */
    function _toString(uint256 value) internal pure virtual returns (string memory str) {
        assembly {
            // The maximum value of a uint256 contains 78 digits (1 byte per digit), but
            // we allocate 0xa0 bytes to keep the free memory pointer 32-byte word aligned.
            // We will need 1 word for the trailing zeros padding, 1 word for the length,
            // and 3 words for a maximum of 78 digits. Total: 5 * 0x20 = 0xa0.
            let m := add(mload(0x40), 0xa0)
            // Update the free memory pointer to allocate.
            mstore(0x40, m)
            // Assign the `str` to the end.
            str := sub(m, 0x20)
            // Zeroize the slot after the string.
            mstore(str, 0)

            // Cache the end of the memory to calculate the length later.
            let end := str

            // We write the string from rightmost digit to leftmost digit.
            // The following is essentially a do-while loop that also handles the zero case.
            // prettier-ignore
            for { let temp := value } 1 {} {
                str := sub(str, 1)
                // Write the character to the pointer.
                // The ASCII index of the '0' character is 48.
                mstore8(str, add(48, mod(temp, 10)))
                // Keep dividing `temp` until zero.
                temp := div(temp, 10)
                // prettier-ignore
                if iszero(temp) { break }
            }

            let length := sub(end, str)
            // Move the pointer 32 bytes leftwards to make room for the length.
            str := sub(str, 0x20)
            // Store the length.
            mstore(str, length)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev For more efficient reverts.
     */
    function _revert(bytes4 errorSelector) internal pure {
        assembly {
            mstore(0x00, errorSelector)
            revert(0x00, 0x04)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// ERC721A Contracts v4.3.0
// Creator: Chiru Labs

pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import './IERC721AQueryable.sol';
import '../ERC721A.sol';

/**
 * @title ERC721AQueryable.
 *
 * @dev ERC721A subclass with convenience query functions.
 */
abstract contract ERC721AQueryable is ERC721A, IERC721AQueryable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the `TokenOwnership` struct at `tokenId` without reverting.
     *
     * If the `tokenId` is out of bounds:
     *
     * - `addr = address(0)`
     * - `startTimestamp = 0`
     * - `burned = false`
     * - `extraData = 0`
     *
     * If the `tokenId` is burned:
     *
     * - `addr = <Address of owner before token was burned>`
     * - `startTimestamp = <Timestamp when token was burned>`
     * - `burned = true`
     * - `extraData = <Extra data when token was burned>`
     *
     * Otherwise:
     *
     * - `addr = <Address of owner>`
     * - `startTimestamp = <Timestamp of start of ownership>`
     * - `burned = false`
     * - `extraData = <Extra data at start of ownership>`
     */
    function explicitOwnershipOf(uint256 tokenId)
        public
        view
        virtual
        override
        returns (TokenOwnership memory ownership)
    {
        unchecked {
            if (tokenId >= _startTokenId()) {
                if (tokenId > _sequentialUpTo()) return _ownershipAt(tokenId);

                if (tokenId < _nextTokenId()) {
                    // If the `tokenId` is within bounds,
                    // scan backwards for the initialized ownership slot.
                    while (!_ownershipIsInitialized(tokenId)) --tokenId;
                    return _ownershipAt(tokenId);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of `TokenOwnership` structs at `tokenIds` in order.
     * See {ERC721AQueryable-explicitOwnershipOf}
     */
    function explicitOwnershipsOf(uint256[] calldata tokenIds)
        external
        view
        virtual
        override
        returns (TokenOwnership[] memory)
    {
        TokenOwnership[] memory ownerships;
        uint256 i = tokenIds.length;
        assembly {
            // Grab the free memory pointer.
            ownerships := mload(0x40)
            // Store the length.
            mstore(ownerships, i)
            // Allocate one word for the length,
            // `tokenIds.length` words for the pointers.
            i := shl(5, i) // Multiply `i` by 32.
            mstore(0x40, add(add(ownerships, 0x20), i))
        }
        while (i != 0) {
            uint256 tokenId;
            assembly {
                i := sub(i, 0x20)
                tokenId := calldataload(add(tokenIds.offset, i))
            }
            TokenOwnership memory ownership = explicitOwnershipOf(tokenId);
            assembly {
                // Store the pointer of `ownership` in the `ownerships` array.
                mstore(add(add(ownerships, 0x20), i), ownership)
            }
        }
        return ownerships;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of token IDs owned by `owner`,
     * in the range [`start`, `stop`)
     * (i.e. `start <= tokenId < stop`).
     *
     * This function allows for tokens to be queried if the collection
     * grows too big for a single call of {ERC721AQueryable-tokensOfOwner}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `start < stop`
     */
    function tokensOfOwnerIn(
        address owner,
        uint256 start,
        uint256 stop
    ) external view virtual override returns (uint256[] memory) {
        return _tokensOfOwnerIn(owner, start, stop);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of token IDs owned by `owner`.
     *
     * This function scans the ownership mapping and is O(`totalSupply`) in complexity.
     * It is meant to be called off-chain.
     *
     * See {ERC721AQueryable-tokensOfOwnerIn} for splitting the scan into
     * multiple smaller scans if the collection is large enough to cause
     * an out-of-gas error (10K collections should be fine).
     */
    function tokensOfOwner(address owner) external view virtual override returns (uint256[] memory) {
        // If spot mints are enabled, full-range scan is disabled.
        if (_sequentialUpTo() != type(uint256).max) _revert(NotCompatibleWithSpotMints.selector);
        uint256 start = _startTokenId();
        uint256 stop = _nextTokenId();
        uint256[] memory tokenIds;
        if (start != stop) tokenIds = _tokensOfOwnerIn(owner, start, stop);
        return tokenIds;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Helper function for returning an array of token IDs owned by `owner`.
     *
     * Note that this function is optimized for smaller bytecode size over runtime gas,
     * since it is meant to be called off-chain.
     */
    function _tokensOfOwnerIn(
        address owner,
        uint256 start,
        uint256 stop
    ) private view returns (uint256[] memory tokenIds) {
        unchecked {
            if (start >= stop) _revert(InvalidQueryRange.selector);
            // Set `start = max(start, _startTokenId())`.
            if (start < _startTokenId()) start = _startTokenId();
            uint256 nextTokenId = _nextTokenId();
            // If spot mints are enabled, scan all the way until the specified `stop`.
            uint256 stopLimit = _sequentialUpTo() != type(uint256).max ? stop : nextTokenId;
            // Set `stop = min(stop, stopLimit)`.
            if (stop >= stopLimit) stop = stopLimit;
            // Number of tokens to scan.
            uint256 tokenIdsMaxLength = balanceOf(owner);
            // Set `tokenIdsMaxLength` to zero if the range contains no tokens.
            if (start >= stop) tokenIdsMaxLength = 0;
            // If there are one or more tokens to scan.
            if (tokenIdsMaxLength != 0) {
                // Set `tokenIdsMaxLength = min(balanceOf(owner), tokenIdsMaxLength)`.
                if (stop - start <= tokenIdsMaxLength) tokenIdsMaxLength = stop - start;
                uint256 m; // Start of available memory.
                assembly {
                    // Grab the free memory pointer.
                    tokenIds := mload(0x40)
                    // Allocate one word for the length, and `tokenIdsMaxLength` words
                    // for the data. `shl(5, x)` is equivalent to `mul(32, x)`.
                    m := add(tokenIds, shl(5, add(tokenIdsMaxLength, 1)))
                    mstore(0x40, m)
                }
                // We need to call `explicitOwnershipOf(start)`,
                // because the slot at `start` may not be initialized.
                TokenOwnership memory ownership = explicitOwnershipOf(start);
                address currOwnershipAddr;
                // If the starting slot exists (i.e. not burned),
                // initialize `currOwnershipAddr`.
                // `ownership.address` will not be zero,
                // as `start` is clamped to the valid token ID range.
                if (!ownership.burned) currOwnershipAddr = ownership.addr;
                uint256 tokenIdsIdx;
                // Use a do-while, which is slightly more efficient for this case,
                // as the array will at least contain one element.
                do {
                    if (_sequentialUpTo() != type(uint256).max) {
                        // Skip the remaining unused sequential slots.
                        if (start == nextTokenId) start = _sequentialUpTo() + 1;
                        // Reset `currOwnershipAddr`, as each spot-minted token is a batch of one.
                        if (start > _sequentialUpTo()) currOwnershipAddr = address(0);
                    }
                    ownership = _ownershipAt(start); // This implicitly allocates memory.
                    assembly {
                        switch mload(add(ownership, 0x40))
                        // if `ownership.burned == false`.
                        case 0 {
                            // if `ownership.addr != address(0)`.
                            // The `addr` already has it's upper 96 bits clearned,
                            // since it is written to memory with regular Solidity.
                            if mload(ownership) {
                                currOwnershipAddr := mload(ownership)
                            }
                            // if `currOwnershipAddr == owner`.
                            // The `shl(96, x)` is to make the comparison agnostic to any
                            // dirty upper 96 bits in `owner`.
                            if iszero(shl(96, xor(currOwnershipAddr, owner))) {
                                tokenIdsIdx := add(tokenIdsIdx, 1)
                                mstore(add(tokenIds, shl(5, tokenIdsIdx)), start)
                            }
                        }
                        // Otherwise, reset `currOwnershipAddr`.
                        // This handles the case of batch burned tokens
                        // (burned bit of first slot set, remaining slots left uninitialized).
                        default {
                            currOwnershipAddr := 0
                        }
                        start := add(start, 1)
                        // Free temporary memory implicitly allocated for ownership
                        // to avoid quadratic memory expansion costs.
                        mstore(0x40, m)
                    }
                } while (!(start == stop || tokenIdsIdx == tokenIdsMaxLength));
                // Store the length of the array.
                assembly {
                    mstore(tokenIds, tokenIdsIdx)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/utils/ERC721Utils.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721Receiver} from "../IERC721Receiver.sol";
import {IERC721Errors} from "../../../interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol";

/**
 * @dev Library that provide common ERC-721 utility functions.
 *
 * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721[ERC-721].
 *
 * _Available since v5.1._
 */
library ERC721Utils {
    /**
     * @dev Performs an acceptance check for the provided `operator` by calling {IERC721-onERC721Received}
     * on the `to` address. The `operator` is generally the address that initiated the token transfer (i.e. `msg.sender`).
     *
     * The acceptance call is not executed and treated as a no-op if the target address doesn't contain code (i.e. an EOA).
     * Otherwise, the recipient must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} and return the acceptance magic value to accept
     * the transfer.
     */
    function checkOnERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory data
    ) internal {
        if (to.code.length > 0) {
            try IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(operator, from, tokenId, data) returns (bytes4 retval) {
                if (retval != IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector) {
                    // Token rejected
                    revert IERC721Errors.ERC721InvalidReceiver(to);
                }
            } catch (bytes memory reason) {
                if (reason.length == 0) {
                    // non-IERC721Receiver implementer
                    revert IERC721Errors.ERC721InvalidReceiver(to);
                } else {
                    assembly ("memory-safe") {
                        revert(add(32, reason), mload(reason))
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC-165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[ERC].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[ERC section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/IERC721.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "../../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Required interface of an ERC-721 compliant contract.
 */
interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `tokenId` token is transferred from `from` to `to`.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables `approved` to manage the `tokenId` token.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables or disables (`approved`) `operator` to manage all of its assets.
     */
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of tokens in ``owner``'s account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon
     *   a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes calldata data) external;

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`, checking first that contract recipients
     * are aware of the ERC-721 protocol to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must have been allowed to move this token by either {approve} or
     *   {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon
     *   a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Note that the caller is responsible to confirm that the recipient is capable of receiving ERC-721
     * or else they may be permanently lost. Usage of {safeTransferFrom} prevents loss, though the caller must
     * understand this adds an external call which potentially creates a reentrancy vulnerability.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is transferred.
     *
     * Only a single account can be approved at a time, so approving the zero address clears previous approvals.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Approve or remove `operator` as an operator for the caller.
     * Operators can call {transferFrom} or {safeTransferFrom} for any token owned by the caller.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The `operator` cannot be the address zero.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the account approved for `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);

    /**
     * @dev Returns if the `operator` is allowed to manage all of the assets of `owner`.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// ERC721A Contracts v4.3.0
// Creator: Chiru Labs

pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

/**
 * @dev Interface of ERC721A.
 */
interface IERC721A {
    /**
     * The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     */
    error ApprovalCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();

    /**
     * The token does not exist.
     */
    error ApprovalQueryForNonexistentToken();

    /**
     * Cannot query the balance for the zero address.
     */
    error BalanceQueryForZeroAddress();

    /**
     * Cannot mint to the zero address.
     */
    error MintToZeroAddress();

    /**
     * The quantity of tokens minted must be more than zero.
     */
    error MintZeroQuantity();

    /**
     * The token does not exist.
     */
    error OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken();

    /**
     * The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     */
    error TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();

    /**
     * The token must be owned by `from`.
     */
    error TransferFromIncorrectOwner();

    /**
     * Cannot safely transfer to a contract that does not implement the
     * ERC721Receiver interface.
     */
    error TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer();

    /**
     * Cannot transfer to the zero address.
     */
    error TransferToZeroAddress();

    /**
     * The token does not exist.
     */
    error URIQueryForNonexistentToken();

    /**
     * The `quantity` minted with ERC2309 exceeds the safety limit.
     */
    error MintERC2309QuantityExceedsLimit();

    /**
     * The `extraData` cannot be set on an unintialized ownership slot.
     */
    error OwnershipNotInitializedForExtraData();

    /**
     * The `tokenIds` must be strictly ascending.
     */
    error TokenIdsNotStrictlyAscending();

    /**
     * `_sequentialUpTo()` must be greater than `_startTokenId()`.
     */
    error SequentialUpToTooSmall();

    /**
     * The `tokenId` of a sequential mint exceeds `_sequentialUpTo()`.
     */
    error SequentialMintExceedsLimit();

    /**
     * Spot minting requires a `tokenId` greater than `_sequentialUpTo()`.
     */
    error SpotMintTokenIdTooSmall();

    /**
     * Cannot mint over a token that already exists.
     */
    error TokenAlreadyExists();

    /**
     * The feature is not compatible with spot mints.
     */
    error NotCompatibleWithSpotMints();

    // =============================================================
    //                            STRUCTS
    // =============================================================

    struct TokenOwnership {
        // The address of the owner.
        address addr;
        // Stores the start time of ownership with minimal overhead for tokenomics.
        uint64 startTimestamp;
        // Whether the token has been burned.
        bool burned;
        // Arbitrary data similar to `startTimestamp` that can be set via {_extraData}.
        uint24 extraData;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                         TOKEN COUNTERS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total number of tokens in existence.
     * Burned tokens will reduce the count.
     * To get the total number of tokens minted, please see {_totalMinted}.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    // =============================================================
    //                            IERC165
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * [EIP section](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified)
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);

    // =============================================================
    //                            IERC721
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `tokenId` token is transferred from `from` to `to`.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables `approved` to manage the `tokenId` token.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables or disables
     * (`approved`) `operator` to manage all of its assets.
     */
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of tokens in `owner`'s account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`,
     * checking first that contract recipients are aware of the ERC721 protocol
     * to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be have been allowed to move
     * this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external payable;

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, '')`.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external payable;

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Usage of this method is discouraged, use {safeTransferFrom}
     * whenever possible.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token
     * by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external payable;

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is transferred.
     *
     * Only a single account can be approved at a time, so approving the
     * zero address clears previous approvals.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external payable;

    /**
     * @dev Approve or remove `operator` as an operator for the caller.
     * Operators can call {transferFrom} or {safeTransferFrom}
     * for any token owned by the caller.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The `operator` cannot be the caller.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the account approved for `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);

    /**
     * @dev Returns if the `operator` is allowed to manage all of the assets of `owner`.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}.
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);

    // =============================================================
    //                        IERC721Metadata
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection name.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection symbol.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for `tokenId` token.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);

    // =============================================================
    //                           IERC2309
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when tokens in `fromTokenId` to `toTokenId`
     * (inclusive) is transferred from `from` to `to`, as defined in the
     * [ERC2309](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2309) standard.
     *
     * See {_mintERC2309} for more details.
     */
    event ConsecutiveTransfer(uint256 indexed fromTokenId, uint256 toTokenId, address indexed from, address indexed to);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// ERC721A Contracts v4.3.0
// Creator: Chiru Labs

pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import '../IERC721A.sol';

/**
 * @dev Interface of ERC721AQueryable.
 */
interface IERC721AQueryable is IERC721A {
    /**
     * Invalid query range (`start` >= `stop`).
     */
    error InvalidQueryRange();

    /**
     * @dev Returns the `TokenOwnership` struct at `tokenId` without reverting.
     *
     * If the `tokenId` is out of bounds:
     *
     * - `addr = address(0)`
     * - `startTimestamp = 0`
     * - `burned = false`
     * - `extraData = 0`
     *
     * If the `tokenId` is burned:
     *
     * - `addr = <Address of owner before token was burned>`
     * - `startTimestamp = <Timestamp when token was burned>`
     * - `burned = true`
     * - `extraData = <Extra data when token was burned>`
     *
     * Otherwise:
     *
     * - `addr = <Address of owner>`
     * - `startTimestamp = <Timestamp of start of ownership>`
     * - `burned = false`
     * - `extraData = <Extra data at start of ownership>`
     */
    function explicitOwnershipOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (TokenOwnership memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of `TokenOwnership` structs at `tokenIds` in order.
     * See {ERC721AQueryable-explicitOwnershipOf}
     */
    function explicitOwnershipsOf(uint256[] memory tokenIds) external view returns (TokenOwnership[] memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of token IDs owned by `owner`,
     * in the range [`start`, `stop`)
     * (i.e. `start <= tokenId < stop`).
     *
     * This function allows for tokens to be queried if the collection
     * grows too big for a single call of {ERC721AQueryable-tokensOfOwner}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `start < stop`
     */
    function tokensOfOwnerIn(
        address owner,
        uint256 start,
        uint256 stop
    ) external view returns (uint256[] memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of token IDs owned by `owner`.
     *
     * This function scans the ownership mapping and is O(`totalSupply`) in complexity.
     * It is meant to be called off-chain.
     *
     * See {ERC721AQueryable-tokensOfOwnerIn} for splitting the scan into
     * multiple smaller scans if the collection is large enough to cause
     * an out-of-gas error (10K collections should be fine).
     */
    function tokensOfOwner(address owner) external view returns (uint256[] memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC721/extensions/IERC721Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721} from "../IERC721.sol";

/**
 * @title ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard, optional metadata extension
 * @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
 */
interface IERC721Metadata is IERC721 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection name.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection symbol.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for `tokenId` token.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @title ERC-721 token receiver interface
 * @dev Interface for any contract that wants to support safeTransfers
 * from ERC-721 asset contracts.
 */
interface IERC721Receiver {
    /**
     * @dev Whenever an {IERC721} `tokenId` token is transferred to this contract via {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}
     * by `operator` from `from`, this function is called.
     *
     * It must return its Solidity selector to confirm the token transfer.
     * If any other value is returned or the interface is not implemented by the recipient, the transfer will be
     * reverted.
     *
     * The selector can be obtained in Solidity with `IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector`.
     */
    function onERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.0;

/// @notice Efficient library for creating string representations of integers.
/// @author Solmate (https://github.com/transmissions11/solmate/blob/main/src/utils/LibString.sol)
/// @author Modified from Solady (https://github.com/Vectorized/solady/blob/main/src/utils/LibString.sol)
library LibString {
    function toString(int256 value) internal pure returns (string memory str) {
        if (value >= 0) return toString(uint256(value));

        unchecked {
            str = toString(uint256(-value));

            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                // Note: This is only safe because we over-allocate memory
                // and write the string from right to left in toString(uint256),
                // and thus can be sure that sub(str, 1) is an unused memory location.

                let length := mload(str) // Load the string length.
                // Put the - character at the start of the string contents.
                mstore(str, 45) // 45 is the ASCII code for the - character.
                str := sub(str, 1) // Move back the string pointer by a byte.
                mstore(str, add(length, 1)) // Update the string length.
            }
        }
    }

    function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory str) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            // The maximum value of a uint256 contains 78 digits (1 byte per digit), but we allocate 160 bytes
            // to keep the free memory pointer word aligned. We'll need 1 word for the length, 1 word for the
            // trailing zeros padding, and 3 other words for a max of 78 digits. In total: 5 * 32 = 160 bytes.
            let newFreeMemoryPointer := add(mload(0x40), 160)

            // Update the free memory pointer to avoid overriding our string.
            mstore(0x40, newFreeMemoryPointer)

            // Assign str to the end of the zone of newly allocated memory.
            str := sub(newFreeMemoryPointer, 32)

            // Clean the last word of memory it may not be overwritten.
            mstore(str, 0)

            // Cache the end of the memory to calculate the length later.
            let end := str

            // We write the string from rightmost digit to leftmost digit.
            // The following is essentially a do-while loop that also handles the zero case.
            // prettier-ignore
            for { let temp := value } 1 {} {
                // Move the pointer 1 byte to the left.
                str := sub(str, 1)

                // Write the character to the pointer.
                // The ASCII index of the '0' character is 48.
                mstore8(str, add(48, mod(temp, 10)))

                // Keep dividing temp until zero.
                temp := div(temp, 10)

                 // prettier-ignore
                if iszero(temp) { break }
            }

            // Compute and cache the final total length of the string.
            let length := sub(end, str)

            // Move the pointer 32 bytes leftwards to make room for the length.
            str := sub(str, 32)

            // Store the string's length at the start of memory allocated for our string.
            mstore(str, length)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Panic} from "../Panic.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "./SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Floor, // Toward negative infinity
        Ceil, // Toward positive infinity
        Trunc, // Toward zero
        Expand // Away from zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 c = a + b;
            if (c < a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b > a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a - b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
            // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
            // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
            if (a == 0) return (true, 0);
            uint256 c = a * b;
            if (c / a != b) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero).
     */
    function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a / b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero).
     */
    function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a % b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone.
     * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute
     * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive.
     */
    function ternary(bool condition, uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // branchless ternary works because:
            // b ^ (a ^ b) == a
            // b ^ 0 == b
            return b ^ ((a ^ b) * SafeCast.toUint(condition));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return ternary(a > b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return ternary(a < b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead
     * of rounding towards zero.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (b == 0) {
            // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division.
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }

        // The following calculation ensures accurate ceiling division without overflow.
        // Since a is non-zero, (a - 1) / b will not overflow.
        // The largest possible result occurs when (a - 1) / b is type(uint256).max,
        // but the largest value we can obtain is type(uint256).max - 1, which happens
        // when a = type(uint256).max and b = 1.
        unchecked {
            return SafeCast.toUint(a > 0) * ((a - 1) / b + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or
     * denominator == 0.
     *
     * Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by
     * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2²⁵⁶ and mod 2²⁵⁶ - 1, then use
            // the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2²⁵⁶ + prod0.
            uint256 prod0 = x * y; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own.
                // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact.
                // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic.
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2²⁵⁶. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            if (denominator <= prod1) {
                Panic.panic(ternary(denominator == 0, Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO, Panic.UNDER_OVERFLOW));
            }

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator.
            // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2²⁵⁶ / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2²⁵⁶. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2²⁵⁶ such
            // that denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2²⁵⁶. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2⁴.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also
            // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁸
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹⁶
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2³²
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁶⁴
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹²⁸
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2²⁵⁶

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2²⁵⁶. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2²⁵⁶, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDiv(x, y, denominator) + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculate the modular multiplicative inverse of a number in Z/nZ.
     *
     * If n is a prime, then Z/nZ is a field. In that case all elements are inversible, except 0.
     * If n is not a prime, then Z/nZ is not a field, and some elements might not be inversible.
     *
     * If the input value is not inversible, 0 is returned.
     *
     * NOTE: If you know for sure that n is (big) a prime, it may be cheaper to use Fermat's little theorem and get the
     * inverse using `Math.modExp(a, n - 2, n)`. See {invModPrime}.
     */
    function invMod(uint256 a, uint256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (n == 0) return 0;

            // The inverse modulo is calculated using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm (iterative version)
            // Used to compute integers x and y such that: ax + ny = gcd(a, n).
            // When the gcd is 1, then the inverse of a modulo n exists and it's x.
            // ax + ny = 1
            // ax = 1 + (-y)n
            // ax ≡ 1 (mod n) # x is the inverse of a modulo n

            // If the remainder is 0 the gcd is n right away.
            uint256 remainder = a % n;
            uint256 gcd = n;

            // Therefore the initial coefficients are:
            // ax + ny = gcd(a, n) = n
            // 0a + 1n = n
            int256 x = 0;
            int256 y = 1;

            while (remainder != 0) {
                uint256 quotient = gcd / remainder;

                (gcd, remainder) = (
                    // The old remainder is the next gcd to try.
                    remainder,
                    // Compute the next remainder.
                    // Can't overflow given that (a % gcd) * (gcd // (a % gcd)) <= gcd
                    // where gcd is at most n (capped to type(uint256).max)
                    gcd - remainder * quotient
                );

                (x, y) = (
                    // Increment the coefficient of a.
                    y,
                    // Decrement the coefficient of n.
                    // Can overflow, but the result is casted to uint256 so that the
                    // next value of y is "wrapped around" to a value between 0 and n - 1.
                    x - y * int256(quotient)
                );
            }

            if (gcd != 1) return 0; // No inverse exists.
            return ternary(x < 0, n - uint256(-x), uint256(x)); // Wrap the result if it's negative.
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {invMod}. More efficient, but only works if `p` is known to be a prime greater than `2`.
     *
     * From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_little_theorem[Fermat's little theorem], we know that if p is
     * prime, then `a**(p-1) ≡ 1 mod p`. As a consequence, we have `a * a**(p-2) ≡ 1 mod p`, which means that
     * `a**(p-2)` is the modular multiplicative inverse of a in Fp.
     *
     * NOTE: this function does NOT check that `p` is a prime greater than `2`.
     */
    function invModPrime(uint256 a, uint256 p) internal view returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            return Math.modExp(a, p - 2, p);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m)
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - modulus can't be zero
     * - underlying staticcall to precompile must succeed
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the underlying call succeeds. When using this function, make
     * sure the chain you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation
     * at address 0x05 as specified in https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise,
     * the underlying function will succeed given the lack of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly
     * interpreted as 0.
     */
    function modExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (uint256) {
        (bool success, uint256 result) = tryModExp(b, e, m);
        if (!success) {
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m).
     * It includes a success flag indicating if the operation succeeded. Operation will be marked as failed if trying
     * to operate modulo 0 or if the underlying precompile reverted.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the success flag is true. When using this function, make sure the chain
     * you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation at address 0x05 as specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise, the underlying function will succeed given the lack
     * of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly interpreted as 0.
     */
    function tryModExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        if (m == 0) return (false, 0);
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            // | Offset    | Content    | Content (Hex)                                                      |
            // |-----------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
            // | 0x00:0x1f | size of b  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x20:0x3f | size of e  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x40:0x5f | size of m  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x60:0x7f | value of b | 0x<.............................................................b> |
            // | 0x80:0x9f | value of e | 0x<.............................................................e> |
            // | 0xa0:0xbf | value of m | 0x<.............................................................m> |
            mstore(ptr, 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x20), 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x40), 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x60), b)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x80), e)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0xa0), m)

            // Given the result < m, it's guaranteed to fit in 32 bytes,
            // so we can use the memory scratch space located at offset 0.
            success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, ptr, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x20)
            result := mload(0x00)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {modExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length.
     */
    function modExp(bytes memory b, bytes memory e, bytes memory m) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory result) = tryModExp(b, e, m);
        if (!success) {
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {tryModExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length.
     */
    function tryModExp(
        bytes memory b,
        bytes memory e,
        bytes memory m
    ) internal view returns (bool success, bytes memory result) {
        if (_zeroBytes(m)) return (false, new bytes(0));

        uint256 mLen = m.length;

        // Encode call args in result and move the free memory pointer
        result = abi.encodePacked(b.length, e.length, mLen, b, e, m);

        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let dataPtr := add(result, 0x20)
            // Write result on top of args to avoid allocating extra memory.
            success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, dataPtr, mload(result), dataPtr, mLen)
            // Overwrite the length.
            // result.length > returndatasize() is guaranteed because returndatasize() == m.length
            mstore(result, mLen)
            // Set the memory pointer after the returned data.
            mstore(0x40, add(dataPtr, mLen))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether the provided byte array is zero.
     */
    function _zeroBytes(bytes memory byteArray) private pure returns (bool) {
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < byteArray.length; ++i) {
            if (byteArray[i] != 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded
     * towards zero.
     *
     * This method is based on Newton's method for computing square roots; the algorithm is restricted to only
     * using integer operations.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // Take care of easy edge cases when a == 0 or a == 1
            if (a <= 1) {
                return a;
            }

            // In this function, we use Newton's method to get a root of `f(x) := x² - a`. It involves building a
            // sequence x_n that converges toward sqrt(a). For each iteration x_n, we also define the error between
            // the current value as `ε_n = | x_n - sqrt(a) |`.
            //
            // For our first estimation, we consider `e` the smallest power of 2 which is bigger than the square root
            // of the target. (i.e. `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e`). We know that `e ≤ 128` because `(2¹²⁸)² = 2²⁵⁶` is
            // bigger than any uint256.
            //
            // By noticing that
            // `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e → (2**(e-1))² ≤ a < (2**e)² → 2**(2*e-2) ≤ a < 2**(2*e)`
            // we can deduce that `e - 1` is `log2(a) / 2`. We can thus compute `x_n = 2**(e-1)` using a method similar
            // to the msb function.
            uint256 aa = a;
            uint256 xn = 1;

            if (aa >= (1 << 128)) {
                aa >>= 128;
                xn <<= 64;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 64)) {
                aa >>= 64;
                xn <<= 32;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 32)) {
                aa >>= 32;
                xn <<= 16;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 16)) {
                aa >>= 16;
                xn <<= 8;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 8)) {
                aa >>= 8;
                xn <<= 4;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 4)) {
                aa >>= 4;
                xn <<= 2;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 2)) {
                xn <<= 1;
            }

            // We now have x_n such that `x_n = 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e = 2 * x_n`. This implies ε_n ≤ 2**(e-1).
            //
            // We can refine our estimation by noticing that the middle of that interval minimizes the error.
            // If we move x_n to equal 2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2), then we reduce the error to ε_n ≤ 2**(e-2).
            // This is going to be our x_0 (and ε_0)
            xn = (3 * xn) >> 1; // ε_0 := | x_0 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-2)

            // From here, Newton's method give us:
            // x_{n+1} = (x_n + a / x_n) / 2
            //
            // One should note that:
            // x_{n+1}² - a = ((x_n + a / x_n) / 2)² - a
            //              = ((x_n² + a) / (2 * x_n))² - a
            //              = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²) - a
            //              = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a² - 4 * a * x_n²) / (4 * x_n²)
            //              = (x_n⁴ - 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²)
            //              = (x_n² - a)² / (2 * x_n)²
            //              = ((x_n² - a) / (2 * x_n))²
            //              ≥ 0
            // Which proves that for all n ≥ 1, sqrt(a) ≤ x_n
            //
            // This gives us the proof of quadratic convergence of the sequence:
            // ε_{n+1} = | x_{n+1} - sqrt(a) |
            //         = | (x_n + a / x_n) / 2 - sqrt(a) |
            //         = | (x_n² + a - 2*x_n*sqrt(a)) / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = | (x_n - sqrt(a))² / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = | ε_n² / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) |
            //
            // For the first iteration, we have a special case where x_0 is known:
            // ε_1 = ε_0² / | (2 * x_0) |
            //     ≤ (2**(e-2))² / (2 * (2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2)))
            //     ≤ 2**(2*e-4) / (3 * 2**(e-1))
            //     ≤ 2**(e-3) / 3
            //     ≤ 2**(e-3-log2(3))
            //     ≤ 2**(e-4.5)
            //
            // For the following iterations, we use the fact that, 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) ≤ x_n:
            // ε_{n+1} = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) |
            //         ≤ (2**(e-k))² / (2 * 2**(e-1))
            //         ≤ 2**(2*e-2*k) / 2**e
            //         ≤ 2**(e-2*k)
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_1 := | x_1 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-4.5)  -- special case, see above
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_2 := | x_2 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-9)    -- general case with k = 4.5
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_3 := | x_3 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-18)   -- general case with k = 9
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_4 := | x_4 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-36)   -- general case with k = 18
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_5 := | x_5 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-72)   -- general case with k = 36
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_6 := | x_6 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-144)  -- general case with k = 72

            // Because e ≤ 128 (as discussed during the first estimation phase), we know have reached a precision
            // ε_6 ≤ 2**(e-144) < 1. Given we're operating on integers, then we can ensure that xn is now either
            // sqrt(a) or sqrt(a) + 1.
            return xn - SafeCast.toUint(xn > a / xn);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 r) {
        // If value has upper 128 bits set, log2 result is at least 128
        r = SafeCast.toUint(x > 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff) << 7;
        // If upper 64 bits of 128-bit half set, add 64 to result
        r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffffffffffffffff) << 6;
        // If upper 32 bits of 64-bit half set, add 32 to result
        r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffffffff) << 5;
        // If upper 16 bits of 32-bit half set, add 16 to result
        r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffff) << 4;
        // If upper 8 bits of 16-bit half set, add 8 to result
        r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xff) << 3;
        // If upper 4 bits of 8-bit half set, add 4 to result
        r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xf) << 2;

        // Shifts value right by the current result and use it as an index into this lookup table:
        //
        // | x (4 bits) |  index  | table[index] = MSB position |
        // |------------|---------|-----------------------------|
        // |    0000    |    0    |        table[0] = 0         |
        // |    0001    |    1    |        table[1] = 0         |
        // |    0010    |    2    |        table[2] = 1         |
        // |    0011    |    3    |        table[3] = 1         |
        // |    0100    |    4    |        table[4] = 2         |
        // |    0101    |    5    |        table[5] = 2         |
        // |    0110    |    6    |        table[6] = 2         |
        // |    0111    |    7    |        table[7] = 2         |
        // |    1000    |    8    |        table[8] = 3         |
        // |    1001    |    9    |        table[9] = 3         |
        // |    1010    |   10    |        table[10] = 3        |
        // |    1011    |   11    |        table[11] = 3        |
        // |    1100    |   12    |        table[12] = 3        |
        // |    1101    |   13    |        table[13] = 3        |
        // |    1110    |   14    |        table[14] = 3        |
        // |    1111    |   15    |        table[15] = 3        |
        //
        // The lookup table is represented as a 32-byte value with the MSB positions for 0-15 in the last 16 bytes.
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r := or(r, byte(shr(r, x), 0x0000010102020202030303030303030300000000000000000000000000000000))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10 ** 64) {
                value /= 10 ** 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 32) {
                value /= 10 ** 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 16) {
                value /= 10 ** 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 8) {
                value /= 10 ** 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 4) {
                value /= 10 ** 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 2) {
                value /= 10 ** 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 r) {
        // If value has upper 128 bits set, log2 result is at least 128
        r = SafeCast.toUint(x > 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff) << 7;
        // If upper 64 bits of 128-bit half set, add 64 to result
        r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffffffffffffffff) << 6;
        // If upper 32 bits of 64-bit half set, add 32 to result
        r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffffffff) << 5;
        // If upper 16 bits of 32-bit half set, add 16 to result
        r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffff) << 4;
        // Add 1 if upper 8 bits of 16-bit half set, and divide accumulated result by 8
        return (r >> 3) | SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xff);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers.
     */
    function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1;
    }
}